PE 1111 
.C45 
1860 
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A 



LASS BOOK 






O N 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



AND 



ANALYSIS. 



B Y 



Z\ M. CHANDLER 



I860. 



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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 




CLASS BOOK 



O N 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



AND 



ANALYSIS 






BY 



Z. M. CHANDLER 




ZANESVILLE: 

W. H, HURD, BOOK & JOB PRINTER. 

1860. 



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in 
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Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1860, 

By Z. M. CHAISTDLEE, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and 
for the Southern District of Ohio. 



TO TEACHERS 



When the publication of this work was commenced it was 
the / intention, for the present, only to issue a small edition 
of the parts on Classification and Analysis. The plan was, 
however, changed, after several sheets had been printed. This 
change will account for the irregularity in paging, numbers of 
Sections, &c. 

The design was to furnish & Drill Book for the school room; 
not to write a Treatise. The aim, therefore, has been to com- 
bine simplicity of arrangement, accuracy of definition, thorough 
classification, numerous models and copious exercises for drill, 
with an other essential quality in a good text book — brevity. 

The question of success, the author-submits to the decision 
of his fellow-teachers. 



CONTENTS. 



Page 

Divisions and Definitions 5 

Parts of speech 6 

Noun 6 

Proper 6 

Common 6 

Person 7 

Number 7 

Gender 8 

Case 8 

Order of Parsing 9 

Outline for Review 11 

Adjective 12 

Limiting 12 

Qualifying 12 

Division of Limiting 13 

Comparison 13 

Order of Parsing , 15 

Outline for Review 16 

Pronoun 17 

Personal 17 

Declension 18 

Relative 19 

Declension 19 

Interrogative 20 

Order of Parsing 21 

Outline for Review 23 

Verb 24 

Classes 25 

Voice 25 

Co-ordinate Classes 26 

Mode 27 

Remarks on Modes 29 

Tense 29 

Person and Number 30 

Conjugation , 31 

Active Voice 31 

Verb To Be 33 

Passive Voice.- 35 

Co-ordinate Forms 37 

List of Irregular Verbs 39 

Order of Parsing,...: 42 

Outline for Review 45 

Adverb 46 

Classes 46 

Comparison 47 

Order of Parsing 47 

Outline for Review 48 

Preposition... 48 

List 48 

Order of Parsing 49 

Outline for Review 50 

Conjunction 50 

Classes, 51 

Lists 51 

Order of Parsing, , 51 

Outline for Review 52 

Interjection 53 

List 53 

Order of Parsing, • 53 

General Parsing Exercises 53 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



CHAPTBE I. 

DIVISIONS. — PARTS OF SPEECH. 

1. English Grammar treats of the science of the Eng- 
lish language and the art ot using it. 

Grammar is usually divided into four parts ; viz : Or- 
thography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody, 

2. Orthography treats of the nature and power of 
letters, and the mode of combining them into sylables 
and words. 

3. Etymology treats of the derivation of words, their 
properties, and their classification into parts of speech. 

3. Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, and con- 
nections of words in the construction of sentences. 

4. Prosody treats of punctuation, elocution, figures of 
speech, and the laws of versification. 

a. — A more minute general division of Grammar is sometimes 
made, as follows: 

1st. Orthoepy, which treats of elementary sounds, and the 
pronunciation of words. 

2d. Orthography, which treats of the nature and power of 
letters, and the proper method of spelling words. 

3d. Lexicology, which treats of the meaning of words. 

4th. Etymology, which treats of the origin and derivation of 
words. 

5th. Orthogeny, which treats of the classification of words 
1 nto parts of speech. 



6 NOUN. 

6th. Syntax, which treats of the relative, agreement and 
connection of words in the construction of sentences. 

7th. Prosody, which treats of punctuation, elocution, figures 
of speech, and the laws of versification. 

PARTS OF SPEECH. 

5. There are eight classes of words, called parts of 
speech ; viz : Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, 
Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. 

a. "Words used without any grammatical relation to other 
words, are commonly called expletives or attendant elements; as 
" There is a man at the door." 



CHAPTEE II. 

THE NOUN. 

6. A Noun is a name ; as Henry ', book, darkness, army. 

7. Nouns are divided into two general elasses; Prop- 
er and Common. 

8. A Proper Noun is an individual name, or the nam e 
of some particular person, thing, place, people or group; 
as Henry, Lake Erie, Cleveland, the Americans, the Azores. 

9. A Common noun is a common name, or the name 
of a sort, kind, or class of beings ; as, man, fish, creation 
chair, child. 

a. "Where a common noun is the name of a quality considered 
apart from the object in which it is found, it is called an Abstract 
noun; as, beauty, whiteness, hardness. 

b. Nouns singular in form, though denoting more than one 
are called Collective nouus; as flock, council, army. 

c. Nouns denoting the name of an action, or of a state of be- 
ing are called Participial, or Ver'bal nouns; as, "The triumphing of 
the wicked is short." 

d. Such words as grammar, geometry, music, &c, and, also 
such characters as 4, J, ^ — , &c„ and the names of the letters a, 
d, k, &c, though in some respects particular nouns, are classed 
with the common nouns. 



PERSON. 7 

10. The Properties of nouns are Person, Gender, Num- 
ber, and Case. 

Person. 

11. Person is that property of the noun which dis- 
tinguishes the speaker, the hearer, and the person or 
thing spoken of. Nouns have three persons, the first, the 
second and the third. 

12. The First person denotes the speaker or writer; 
as, "I, Paul have written it." 

13. The Second person denotes the person or thing 
addressed; as, "Henry bring me a book." "Ye crags 
a,n& peaks, I am with you once again. " 

14. The Third person denotes the person or thing 
spoken of; as, " Henry studies his book." 

Number. 

15. Number is the property of the noun which dis- 
tinguishes unity and plurality. There are two num- 
bers, the Singular and Plural. 

16. The Singular number denotes but one; as, boy, 
tooth, ox. 

17. The Plural number denotes more than one ; as, 
boys, teeth, oxen. 

a. Such nouns as tongs, scissors, ashes, politics, inches, thanks, &c. 
though they do not express plurality, yet as they have the plural 
form they are always used as nouns in the plural number. 
Formation of the Plural. 

18. The regular method of forming the plural of nouns 
is by adding s to the singular ; as, desk, desks, page, pages. 

a. When the singular ends in a sound which cannot unite with 
s, the plural is formed by adding es to the singular; as, brush, 
brushes, church,churches 3 kiss, kisses. 

b. Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant, add es in the 
plural; as, negro, negroes, hero, heroes. 

c. Common nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form 



8 NOUN. 

their plurals by changing y into ie, and and adding s; as, lady, 
ladies, fly, flies. 

d. Some nouns ending in / or fe form their plural by changing 
/ and/e into ve, and adding s; as, leaf, leaves, knife, knives. 

e. Some nouns form their plurals still more irregularly, as 
man, men, woman, women, child, children, penny, pence. 

Gender. 

19. Gender in grammar is the property which distin- 
guishes nouns in reference to sex. There are four gen- 
ders, the Masculine, the Feminine, the Common and the 
Neuter. 

20. Nouns denoting males are of the Masculine gen- 
der ; as, boy, king, lion. 

21. Nouns denoting fern a les are of the Feminine gen- 
der : as girl, queen, lioness. 

22. Nouns denoting either males or females or both, 
are of the Common gender ; as, child, parent, bird, cattle. 

23. Nouns denoting things without sex are of the 
Neuter gender ; as, chair, desk, stove. 

a. There are three methods of distinguishing the masculine 
and femenine gender of nouns; viz: by the use of different words ; 
as, man, woman, father, mother, stay, hind, boy, girl. 

2d. By a different termination; as, actor, actress, sultan, sidtana, 
testator, testatrix, hero, heroine. 

3d. By a different word placed before or after the noun; as man- 
servant, maid-servant, he^goat, she-goat, cock-sparrow, hen-sparow, 
turkey-cock, turkey-hen. 

Case. 

24. Case is the property of nouns which distinguish- 
es their relation to other words. Nouns have four cases, 
the Nominative, the Possessive, the Objective, and the In- 
dependent. 

25. The Nominative case usually denotes the subject 

of a finate verb ; as, "John reads." 

a. All parts of the verb are called finite, except the infinitive 
and the participial modes. 



CASE. 9 

26. A noun used in apposition with the subject and 
nouns used in the predicate meaning the same thing as 
the subject, are put in the nominative case; as, "Solon 
the law-giver was a wise man" 

26. The Possessive case denotes possession, origin or 
design; " John's book." "The sun's rays." "He keeps 
boys' hats for sale." 

a. The possessive case performs the office of a limiting adjec- 
tive, and hence is sometimes called the adjective case of the noun. 

b. The possessive case singular, is usually formed by adding s, 
preceded by an apostrophe to the nominative; as, John, John's, 
boy, boy's. 

c. When the nominative plural ends with s, the possessive plu- 
ral is formed by adding the apostrophe only ; as, boys, boys 1 . 

d. When plural nouns do not end with s, the possessive case is 
formed by adding both the apostrophe and s. "Men's boots. 1 ' 

e. Nouns ending in the sound of s or z, usually form their pos- 
sessive by adding the apostrophe only ; as, " For conscience' sake,' 
"Archimedes' screw." 

/. In compound words, the sign of the possessive case is placed 
at the end; as, " My mother-in- law's farm." " The knight-errant' 
adventure." 

27. The Objective case denotes the object of a transi- 
tive verb, or a preposition; as, "Henry struck John," 
He is from Boston. 

a. Nouns used to denote time, measure, distance or value, are 
in the objective case without the preposition expressed; as, "We 
rode sixty miles that day." "He is not a farthing richer for it." 
" The post is ten feet high." "He did it times without number." 

28. A noun is in the Independent case when it has 
no grammatical dependence on other words; as, "O, 
Absalom my son!" "Our fathers, where are they?" 
" The sun having risen, we proceeded on our journey." 

ORDER OF PARSING. 

29. A Noun, and why ? — Common or Proper, and why? 



10 NOUN. 

Person, and why? — Gender, and why? — Number, and 
why? — Case, and why? Syntactical relation, — Eule. 
30. Parse all the nouns in the following sentences: 

Note. — The words in italics are prepositions ; those in large capr 
tals are transitive verbs, and those in small capitals are intransitive 
verbs. 

MODEL. 

James, you MAY BEING the horse from your brother's barn. 

James A noun — it is a name; proper — it is an individual 

name; Second person — it denotes the person ad- 
dressed ; masculine gender — it is the name of a 
male; singular number — it denotes but one; in- 
dependent case — it is used in address. — Kule VI. 

Horse A noun — it is a name; common — it is the name of 

a class of animals ; third person — it is spoken of; 
masculine gender — it isthe name of a male; singu- 
lar number — it denotes but one; objective case — it is 
the object of the transitive verb, may bring — Rule 
III. 

Brother's .A noun — it is a name; common — it is the name 

of a class of persons; third person — it is spoken 
of; masculine gender — it is the name of a male ; 
singular number — it denotes but one; possessive case) 
— it denotes ownership, and limits horse. — Rule 
V. 

Barn A noun — it is a name; common — it is the name of 

a class of objects; third person — it is spoken of; 
neuter gender — it denotes an object without sex; 
singular number — it denotes but one; objective 
case — it is the object of the preposition, from — 
Rule III. 

EXERCISES. 
Columbus DISCOVERED America. The fire CONSUMED 
the house. The horse ran away with Thomas. The elephant 
HAS tusks. Mary LOVES birds. William, where have you been? 
I, the governor, MAKE a proclamation. John sit on a chair. — 
We boys are noisy. I HAVE RECEIVED a letter from my 
cousin. Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were Jewish patriarchs. 



REVIEW. 11 

Education EXPANDS the mind. Charles and his sister were 
absent. Alfred DEFEATED the Danes. Kolla ran up the steps 
into the house, and fell over a chair into a tub of water. The 
man "WAS TAKEN by the Duke's officers in obedience to their 
master's orders. This is Henry's book. These are John's and 
Eliza's friends. The rabbit jumped into the dog's mouth. The 
falls of Niagara are between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Hon- 
esty is the best policy. Goodness SECITBES happiness. This is 
a large school. 

31. Form five sentences containing proper nouns. — 
Five, containing common nouns. — Five, containing 
nouns in the masculine, singular. — Five containing 
nouns in feminine plural. — Five containing nouns in the 
common gender, in each person. 

Note. — If the foregoing examples are found insufficient to make 
the pupil well acquainted with the noun, its properties and rela- 
lations, additional exercises should be selected by the teacher. — 
Nothing is gained by leaving a chapter before it is thoroughly un- 
derstood. 

OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 

32. NOUN. (6) 

I. Classes, (7) 

1. Proper ) (8) 

2. Common, (9) 

a— Abstract, (9. a) 
b— Collective, ( <<b) 
c — Participial, ( " c) 

II. Properties, (10) 

1. Person, (11) 

a — First Person, (12) 
b — Second Person, (13) 
c— Third Person, (14) 

2. Number, (15) 

a — Singular, (16) 
• b— Plural, (17) a. 

c — " Formation, (18) a,b,c,d, e. 



12 ADJECTIVE. 



3. Gender, (19) 

a — Masculine, (20) 
b — Feminine, (21) 
c — Common, (22) 
d— Neuter, (23) 
e— Notes, (23, a) 

4. Case. (24) 

a — Nominative, (25) 

b — Possessive, (26) a, 6, 6, d, e, f. 

c^— Objective, (27) a. 

d — Independent, (28) 



CHAPTEE III. 

THE ADJECTIVE. 

33. An Adjective is a word which is used to limit or 
qualify the meaning of a noun or pronoun ; as " The 
desk." "This horse." "A tall tree." "He is industri- 
ous." 

a The word adjective signifies joining to; and this part of 
speech is so called because it joins some limitation or quality to 
the noun. 

Classes of Adjectives. 

34. There are two general classes of adjectives, — 
.Limiting and Qualifying. 

35. A Limiting adjective simply restricts the mean- 
ing of the noun without expressing any quality belong- 
ing to it; as The street. That woman. A last appeal. 
Many words. 

36. A Qualifying adjective expresses some quality 
which belongs to the noun; as, "A bad child." A poor 
lesson. A sweet apple. A noble deed. 



COMPARISON. 13 

Division of Limiting Adjectives. 

37. Limiting adjectives are divided into three clas- 
ses — Articles, Pronominal, and Numeral Adjectives. 

38. The limiting adjectives, a or an, and the, are call- 
ed articles. 

A or an is called the indefinite article, because it is 
not used to point out any particular one, but only 
some one of a class of objects. 

a. A is used before words commencing with consonant sounds; 
an, before words commencing with vowel sounds; as, A horse. 
An ocean. 

39. The is called the definite article because it is used 
to point out some particular object or clasjs of objects ; as, 
The hook. The fields. 

40. Those limiting adjectives are called Pronominal 
which may stand alone and represent the nouns, under- 
stood, to which they belong ; as, This (example) is cor- 
rect. TJiat is incorrect. 

a. The qualifying adjectives may also represent a noun under- 
stood ; but in that case they are preceded by the article; as, The 
violent take it by force. Pronominal adjectives may stand alone] 
as, Each takes his own. 

b. The principal pronominal adjectives are Each, every, either, 
neither, former, latter, some, other, any, one, all, such, both, none, 
most, little, less, least, one, some, sundry, enough. 

41. Numeral adjectives are those which are used to 
express number or order. They are divided into two 
classes, — Cardinal and Ordinal. 

a. Cardinal numbers are those which answer to the question, 
How many? as, one, two, three, &c. 

b. Ordinal numerals are those which denote order or rank ; as? 
first, second, third, §c. 

Comparison of Adjectives. 

42. Comparison is the modification of form which 
adjectives undergo to express different degrees of the 



14 ADJECTIVE. 

same quality, in objects compared in reference to that 
quality. The comparison may be ascending] as, wise, 
wiser, wisest; or descending; as, wise, less wise, leastwise. 

43. There are three degrees of comparison, — the 
Positive, the Comparitive, and the Superlative. 

44. The Positive degree is the simple form of the ad- 
jective, and expresses quality without any reference to 
other degrees of the same quality ; as, The noble man. 

45. The Comparative degree is used to denote that 
the quality belongs to one of two objects or classes of 
objects, in a higher or lower degree than to the other ; 
as, "This man is less noble than that." 

46. The Superlative degree is used to denote that the 
quality belongs to one of several objects, or classes of 
objects in a higher or lower degree than to any of the 
rest, as, u This man is the noblest of all," or " This man 
is the least noble of all." 

47. In ascending comparison of monosyllables the 
comparative degree is usually formed by adding r or er 
and the superlative by adding st, or est, to the positive ; 
as, "Pos. wise, Com. wiser, Sup. wisest; Pos. sweet, Com. 
sweeter, Sup. sweetest. 

48. In ascending comparison of polysyllables, the 
comparative is usually found by prefixing more, and the 
superlative by prefixing most to the positive; as, Pos. 
honorable, Comp. more honorable, Sup. most honorable. 

49. In descending comparison, whether of monosyl- 
lables or polysyllables, the comparative is formed by pre- 
fixing less, and the superlative by prefixing least, to the 
positive, as, Pos. ivise, Com. less wise, Sup. least wise; 
Pos. honorable, Comp. less honorable, Sup. least honorable. 



COMPARISON. 15 

a. VSome comparisons are irregular; as, Good, better, best. — 
Many, more, most. Bad, worse, worst. Far, farther, farthest. — 
Little, less, least. Old, older, oldest. 

b. A slight degree of quality is indicated be affixing ish to the 
positive; as, sweet, sweetish. 

c. The superlative is sometimes formed by affixing most to 
the positive or comparative; as hindmost, nethermost. 

d. Adjectives expressing qualities which cannot exist in dif- 
ferent degrees, cannot be compared; as round, square, almighty. 
Some adjectives^ however, which strictly fall under this class, we 
are authorized by good usage to compare ; as, perfect, complete, 

just, correct, upright, &c. 

ORDER OF PARSING. 

50. An Adjective, and why ? — Limiting or qualify- 
ing, and why ? — Compare it, — Degree of comparison and 
why? — What does it limit or qualify ? — Eule. 

Parse all the nouns and adjectives in the following sen- 
tences : 

MODEL. 

Note 1st. Transitive verbs are in large capitals ; intransitive verbs in small 
capitals, and prepositions in italics. 
2d. For model for parsing the noun, see section 30. 

51. The boy EODE a vicious horse. 

The An Adjective — it is a word joined to a noun; 

limiting — it restricts the meaning of the noun; 
uncompared, and limits the noun boy by denoting 
a particular boy — Rule XVI. 

A An Adjective — it is a word joined to a noun; 

limiting it restricts the meaning of the noun; 
uncompared, and limits the noun horse, by deno- 
ting one horse — Rule XYI. 

Vicious An Adjective — it is a word joined to a noun; 

qualifying — it expresses a quality belonging to 
the noun; Compared — pos. vicious — comp. more 
vicious — sup. most vicious — in the positive degree 
it expresses a simple quality, and qualifies the 



16 ADJECTIVE. 

noun horse, by denoting his character — Eule 
XYI. 

EXERCISES. 

This site COMMANDS an extensive view of the surrounding 
country. Khode Island is the smallest state in the Union. That 
book is beautiful, but the other is instructive. Early risers DE- 
KIVE much pleasure/rora the sweet songs o/ the beautiful birds. 
Though bituminous coal is black and dirty, it MAKES a bright 
fire. Such a course PRODUCES lasting happiness. The young 
man was unworthy of the favor of his generous benefactor. — 
James is taller than George is. This is the oldest chair in the 
room. John is the best boy in the class. That was the least 
man in the company. TAKE the shortest road. I GOT the 
ripest apple that was on the largest tree. Every diligent boy 
EECEIVES merited praise. These apples are sweeter than 
those ARE. 

52. Form five sentences containing qualifying ad- 
jectives in the positive degree — Five, containing quali- 
fying adjectives the comparative degree — Five, in the 
superlative degree — Five, containing pronominal adjec- 
tives — Five, containing adjectives irregularly compared 
— Five, containing numeral adjectives. 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 

53. ADJECTIYB. (33.) 

I. Classification, (7) 



A — Limiting, (35) 
1st. Articles, (37) 

a. — Definite (38) a. 
b.— Indefinite (39) 
2d. Pronominal, (40. a. b.) 
3d. Numeral, (41) 

a — Cardinal, (41 a.) 
b— Ordinal, (41 b.) 
II. Comparison, (42) 
A, — Degrees. (43) 

1st. Positive, (44) 



REVIEW. 17 

2d. Comparative, (45) 

3d. Superlative. (46) 
B. — Formation. 

1st. Monosyllables, (47) 

2d. Polysyllables, (48) 

3d. Descending, (49) 

4th. Irregular, (49 a. b. c. d.) 



CHAPTEK IV. 

PRONOUNS. 

54. A Pronoun is a word which is used instead of a 
noun; as, " John has learned his lesson." The word for 
w r hich a pronoun stands is called its antecedent. 

a. "Without the pronoun in the above example we should say, 
;: John has learned John's lesson." 

55. Pronouns have the same person, gender arid num- 
ber as the nouns for which they stand, but their case 
depends upon the construction of the sentences to which 
they belong. 

56. Pronouns are divided into three classes — Person- 
al, Belative and Interrogative. 

Personal Pronouns. 

57. Those pronouns which stand for nouns, and also 
by their form indicate the person and number of their 
antecedents are called Personal pronouns. They are of 
two classes, simple and compound personal pronouns. 

58. There are five simple personal pronouns, I, thou, 
he, she and it. /is of the first person; thou of the second 
person, and he, she and it, of the third person. The last 
three are of the masculine, feminine and neuter genders 
respectively. 



18 



PRONOUNS. 



59. The compound personal pronouns are formed by 
affixing the word self to certain cases of the simple per- 
sonal pronouns. 

They are myself, thyself, himself, herself, and itself. 
Declension of the Personal Pronouns. 

60. The simple personal pronouns are thus declined: 

FIRST PERSON. 





Singular. 


Plural. 


Nome 


i, 


We, 


Poss. 


My or mine, 


Our or ours, 


Obj. 


Me, 

SECOND PERSON, 


Us. 


Norn. 


Thou, 


Ye or you, 


Poss. 


Thy or thine, 


Your or yours. 


Obj. 


Thee, 


You. 


Nom. 


You, 


You, 


Poss. 


Your or yours, 


Your or yours, 


Obj. 


You 

third person. — Masculine 


You. 


Nom. 


He, 


They, 


Poss. 


His, 


Their or theirs T 


Obj. 


Him, 

third person. — Feminine. 


Them, 


Nom. 


She, 


They, 


Poss. 


Her or hers, 


Their or theirs, 


Obj. 


Her, 

third person. — Neuter. 


Them. 


Nom. 


It, 


They, 


Poss. 


Its. 


Their or theirs, 


Obj. 


It, 


Them. 


61. 


The compound personal pronouns are thus de- 


clined : 


eirst person. 






Singular. 


Plural. 


Norn. 


Myself, 


Ourselves. 


Poss. 
Obj. 


, 




Thyself, 


Yourselves. 




THIRD person. 






Singular. 


Plural. 




Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 




Norn. 


Himself, Herself, Itself, 


Themselves, 


Poss. 
Obj. 






Himself, Herself, Itself, 


Themselves. 



PERSONAL. 19 

a. Of the double forms of the possessive, my, thy, her, our, 
your and their, are used when the noun which they limit is ex- 
pressed; and mine, thine, hers, ours, yours and theirs, when it is 
understood; as, "This is my book." "That is yours. 11 

b. You was originally plural, but it is now used to represent 
singular nouns, although still plural in its grammatical relations. 
Except in some peculiar forms of speaking and writing, it uni- 
versally takes the place of thou. 

c. We is often employed in the place of I, when the speaker 
includes others with himself, or desires to avoid the appearance 
of egotism. 

d. In the first and second person there is but one form of the 
pronoun for all genders. The sex of the speaker and of the per- 
son addressed is supposed to be known from their being present. 

Relative Pronouns. 

62. A Relative pronoun does not by its form indicate 
the person and number of its antecedents, but serves to 
connect to it some dependent limiting clause ; as, "The 
man who is virtuous will be trusted." In this sentence, 
who takes the place of the noun man, and also connects 
the qualifying clause, who is virtuous, to it. 

63. There are two classes of relative pronouns — 
Simple and Compound. 

64. The Simple relatives are who, which, that and 
what . Who is used to represent persons; which and what 
to represent the lower animals, and inanimate things; and 
that to represent both persons and things. 

65. The Compound relatives are formed by affixing 
the words ever and soever to the simple relatives. They 
are whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever 
and whatsoever. Whenever they are employed the ante- 
cedent is omitted. 

Declension of Relative Pronouns. 

66. The simple relatives what and that, and com- 



20 RELATIVE. 

pound relative whatever ', are used only in the nomina- 
tive and objective cases. They have no possessive. 
The remaining relatives are thus declined: 

Sing, and Plur. Sing, and Plur. Sing, and Plur. 

Nom. Who, Which, Whoever, 

Poss. Whose, Whose, Whosever, 

Obj. Whom, Which, Whomever. 

a. When than, and as occur in certain elliptical constructions, 
they are usually classed with the relative pronouns, as, "He sent 
me more money than I expected." I bought such books as I want- 
ed." They are, however, more properly, conjunctions, as may be 
seen by supplying the omitted words: He sent me more money 
than (that was which) I expected." "I bought such books as (those 
are which) I wanted." 

b. What is frequently called a compound relative, as being 
equivalent to the simple relative which, and its antecedent. It is 
more correct to call it a simple relative employed only when the 
antecedent is omitted. 

c. The compound relatives, whoever, whichever, $c, are not so 
called because they expressed the antecedent and the pronoun, but 
because they are compound words. Whoever is a compound relative 
in the same sense that himself is a compound personal pronoun. — 
Like the relative what, they are also used when the antecedent is 
omitted. 

d. That is a relative pronoun whenever who, which or whom 
may be substituted for it. 

Interrogative Pronouns. 
67. Who, which and what when used in asking ques- 
tions are usually called interrogative pronouns ; as, u Who 
said that?" " Which book will you have?" " What 
do you want?" 

a. Who when used interrogatively always inquires for persons 
and refers to the noun which answers the question for its antece- 
dent. 

b. Which and what are properly pronominal adjectives used in- 
terrogatively, as they always belong to some noun, expressed or 
understood which they limit. See Examples Sect. 67. 

c. The interrogatives who and which are declined like relatives. 



ORDER OF PARSING. 21 

ORDER OF PARSING. 

Personal Pronouns, 

68. A Pronoun, and why? — Personal, and why? — 
Person, gender and number, and why ? — Rule — Decline — 
Case, and why? — Rule. 

Melative Pronouns. 
A Pronoun, and why? — Relative, and why? — Person, 
gender and number, and why? — Rule — Decline — Case, 
and why ? — Rule. 

Interrogative Pronouns. 

A Pronoun, and why? — Interrogative, and why? — If 
it has an antecedent, — Person, gender and number, and 
Why? — Rule— Case, and why? — Rule. 

If it is used as a limiting adjective, what does it limit ? 
Rule. 

Parse all the nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the fol- 
lowing sentences: 

MODELS. 

69. I HAVE somewhere READ, that he who RIDI- 
CULES the little imperfections of his friends WILL 
soon FIND all men united against him. 

/ A pronoun — it is a word used instead of a noun — 

personal — its form indicates its person and num- 
ber. First person, singular number — to agree 
with its antecedent understood "'—- Eule VII. 
Kom. J. — in the nominative case — subject of the 
verb have been — Eule I. 

He Apronoun — it is a word used instead of a noun- 

Personal — its form indicates its person and num- 
ber. Third person, 'masculine gender, singular 
number — to agree with its antecedent understood. 



22 PRONOUNS. 

Eule VII. Norn, he — in the nominative ease — 
subject of the verb will find — Rule I. 

His A pronoun, &c, — it is a word, &c. — Personal, &c\ 

Third person, &c. — Rule VII. — ISTom. he, Pos. 
/ w ' 5 .__in the possessive case — denotes possession, 
and limits the noun friends.— Rule V. 

Him ....A pronoun, &c. — Personal, &c. — Third person, 

&c. — Rule VII. — Nom. he, Pos. his, Obj. him. — 
Objective case — it is the object of the preposition 
against. — Rule III. 
Who A pronoun, &c. — Relative — it relates to its ante- 
cedent in such a manner as to connect a depend- 
ent clause . Third person, masculine gender, singu- 
lar number — to agree with its antecedent he. — 
Rule VII. — Nom. who. — in the nominative case 
— it is the subject of the verb ridicules. — Rule I. 

70. Whom DID you SEE ? I SAW Mary. 

Whom A pronoun — it is a word used instead of a noun. 

Interrogative — it is used to ask a question . Third 
person, feminine gender, singular number — to agree 
with its antecedent Mary. — Rule VII. — Nom. 
-who, poss. whose, obj. whom — it is in the objective 
case — object of the transitive verb see. — Rule III. 

71. Whose knife DID you TAKE ? 

Whose An interrogative pronominal adjective — it is used 

in asking a question. Nom. which, poss. whose — 
possessive case — it denotes possession, and limit? 
the noun knife. — Rule VII. 



72. 



What DID you LEAKN ? 



What An interrogative pronominal adjective — it is used 

in asking a question — it limits a noun under- 
stood.— Rule XVI. 
a. In the use of what and which, interrogatively, when the 
nouns which they limit are omitted, they are usually parsed as 
substitutes for the nouns. Either method is correct. 

73. This IS what I WANTED. 



EXERCISES. 23 

What A pronoun — it is a word used instead of a noun — 

Relative — it is only used when the antecedent is 
omitted. Third person, neuter gender, singular 
number — to agree with its antecedent understood. 
Kule VII. Nominative case after the intransi- 
tive verb is. — Kule II — also in the Objective case 
— object of the the transitive verb wanted, — 
Kule III. 

EXERCISES. 

A ruler who is just MAKES his people happy. This is the 
person whom we MET. God by whose kindness we LIVE, whom 
we WOKSHIP, who CREATED all things is eternal. He who 
STEALS my purse STEALS trash. Whom the Lord LOVETH 
He chastiseth. In what do you live? The man FOUND what 
he WANTED. Whoever studies will become learned. John 
TOOK my hat and LEFT yours. He HUKT himself. A kind 
boy AVOIDS whatever INJURES another. DOST thou LOVE 
thyself? I LENT my book to him, and he RETURNED it to 
trie. Who ever SAW a person that was free from faults? — 
Whoever REPENTS WILL RECEIVE favor. Whatever I 
KNOW I TELL. I CHARGE thee FLING away ambition.— 
To whom shall I go? Which of the boys LOST his ball?— 
Whatever LEADS us to God increases our happiness. Who 
can understand the heart of man ? Your bird is seeking 
for its mate. What WILL you GIVE those boys for their kite ? 

74. Form five sentences containing simple personal 
pronouns. — Five containing compound personals. — Five 
containing simple relatives. — Five containing compound 
relatives. — Five containing interrogatives. 

OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 

75. PBONOTJK (54.) 

L Classification, (56) 
A — Personal, (5*7) 

1st. Simple, (58) 
2d. Compound, (59) 

a — Possessive (61. a.) 



24 VERB. 

b— You, (61. b.) 

e— We, (61. c.) 

d— Genders, (61. d.) 
e — Properties, (55.) 
B— Relative, (62) 

1st. Simple, (64) 
2d. Compound, (65) 
3d. Case, (66) 
a — Thou and as, (66. a.) 
b— What, Whoever, &c. (66. b. c. d.) 
C — Interrogative, (67) 

1st. Who, (67, a.) 

2d. Which and What, (67. b.) 

II. Declension. 

A — Personal.. 

1st. Simple, (60) 

2d. Compound, (61) 
B — Retative. 

1st. Simple, (66) 

2d. Compound, (66) 
C — Interrogative, (67) 

III. Order of Parsing. 

1st. Personal, (68) 
2d. Kelative. (68) 
3d. Interrogative, (68) 



CHAPTEB V. 

THE VERB. 

76. A verb is a word by which something is affirmed 
of a person or thing; as, "John learns his lesson;" 
"James was injured." 

a. That of which anything is affirmed is called the subject of 
the verb. In the above examples John and James are the subjects 
of the verbs learns and was injured. 

b. The word verb means word, and is so called as being the 
principal word in a sentence. 



CLASSES. 25 

77. The verb expresses action; as, " The cat jumps; 11 
or being; as, " God is; " or state; as, "The man sleeps ; " 
or connects an attribute to the subject ; as, " The day is 
warm." 

Classes of Verbs. 

78. Verbs are either active or neuter. 

An active verb is one which expresses action; as, "The 
hunter shot the bear; " "The horse runs. 11 

79. A neuter verb is one which expresses being or 
state, or serves to connect an attribute to the subject ; 
as, "I still live) " "The boys are in town; " "The senti- 
nel sleeps; " "The earth is round; " "He has become a 
villain; " "He appears earnest." 

80. Active verbs are either transitive or intransitive. 
A transitive verb expresses an action which does not 
terminate with the actor, but passes over to some other 
person or thing; as, "Camillus defeated the Gauls;" 
"The temple was destroyed by Titus." 

In the first example the action passes from the sub- 
ject Camillus, to the object, Gauls; in the second, from 
the agent, Titus, back to the subject temple. 

81. An intransitive verb expresses an action which 
terminates with the actor; as, "The earth moves) " "The 
child plays; 11 "The dog barks. 1 ^ 

Voice. 

82. Transitive verbs have two forms, called the ac- 
tive and passive voices. 

83. The active voice is that form of the transitive 
verb which represents the subject as acting upon the ob- 
ject; as, "William s£m?Z;thedog;" "Brutus killed Caesar." 

84. The passive voice is that form of the transitive 
verb Which represents the subject as being acted upon by 



2U VERB. 

the agent or actor; as, "The dog was struck by William/* 
"Caesar was killed by Brutus/' 

a. The active voice may be changed into the passim voice by 
making the object in the active the subject in the passive, and the 
subject in the active the a^gw< in the passive. Thus, u The dog caught 
the hare" may be changed to u The hare was caught by the dog," 

Co-ordinate Classes of Verbs. 

85. Without reference to the preceding general 
classification, verbs are divided into regular, irregular, 
defective, auxiliary and impersonal. 

86. With respect to form, verbs are regular or irregu- 
lar. A regular verb is one which forms its past indica- 
tive and past participle by affixing ed to the j)resent in- 
dicative; as, kill, killed; jump, jumped. 

a. When the verb ends in e mute, the e is dropped on taking 
the suffixed; as, love, lov-ed. 

87. An irregular verb is one which does not form its 
past indicative and past participle, by affixing ed to the 
present indicative; as, strike y struck, struck; do, did, done; 
see, saw, seen. 

88. Defective verbs are those which want some of 
their parts; as, can, coidd, (participle wanting;) may, 
might, (participle wanting.) 

89. Auxiliary verbs are those which are employed in 
the conjugation of other verbs; as can write; shall go ; 
must die. The auxiliary verbs are do, be, have, shall, will, 
may, can, must. 

a. Do, be and have are also used as principal verbs; as, "John 
did the work;"' "Man is mortal;" "The girl has a pet lamb." 

90. Impersonal verbs assert action or state indepen- 
dently of any particular subject; as, "It snows; " "It 
seems; " "It is said/' 

a. When used as the subject of an impersonal verb it has on 
definite antecedent. 



MODES. 27 

Properties of Verbs. 

91. To verbs besides voice, belong mode, tense, per- 
son and number. 

Modes. 

92. Modes are modifications of the form of the verb 
to denote the manner of action or the state expressed by 
the verb. They are so called because the word mode 
means manner. There are six modes — the indicative, 
subjunctive, potential, imperative, infinitive and parti- 
cipial. 

93. The indicative mode simply declares action, being 
or state; as, "The carpenter made a box, " "The book 
fell to the floor; " "The tree is tall." 

a. This mode is also used in asking questions, by introducing 
an auxiliary before the subject; as, "Did he go?" "Will he 
remain 9" 

94. The subjunctive mode represents an action or 
state as doubtful or conditional; as, "The book will be 
injured, if it falls." 

a. The subjunctive mode is so called because it is used in a de- 
pendent clause — a clause subjoined to the principal. 

b. The usual signs of the subjunctive mode are the conjunc- 
tions if, though, unless, except, lest. Prefixing one of these or any 
■similar conjunction denoting contingency to either the indicative 
or potential mode will change it into the subjunctive; as, ".If I go;" 
"Lest he should return:' 

c. The conjunction is sometimes omitted, in which case the 
auxiliary precedes the subject; as, "Should we live ;" equivalent 
to "If we should live." 

d. The second and third persons singular in the subjunctive 
are sometimes like the first ; as, "If he live" for "If he lives" The 
omission of the personal terminations slightly alters the sense. 
"If he lives," implies that he will live; while "If he live" implies 
that he will not. 



28 VERB. 

95. The potential mode asserts power ', liberty , possibili- 
ty, necessity or d^y of performing an action, or being in 
a state; as, "He<%m see; " "You may go; " "The prisoner 
mwst &6 Awn^; ' 7 "The merchant should pay his debts." 

a. The potential mode like the indicative is used in asking 
questions; as, "Can we ascertain the truth ?" 

6. The signs of the potential mode are, in the present tense, 
the auxiliaries may, can and must; in the past, might, could, would 
and should. 

97. The imperative mode is used in commanding, ex- 
horting, entreating and permitting; as, " Arrest the crimi- 
nal; " u Come unto me; " u Save me, Hubert." 

97. The infinitive mode represents the action or state 
abstractly and is not limited to any person or thing as 
the subject; as, "To sleep is refreshing; " " He has a 
wish to do good." 

a. The infinitive partakes of the nature of a noun. It may 
usually be known by the sign to. After the verbs bid, dare, need, 
make, see, hear, feel, help, let, and some others, the infinitive is used 
without the sign to; as, "Bid "him go;" "Let him come;" They 
dare not do it." 

98. The participial mode, or participle, represents 
the action or state as a property of the noun, or like 
the infinitive, it represents it abstractly as a noun; as, 
"A ship sailing upon the sea is a beautiful object; " — 
" The preaching of the hypocrite is an abomination." 

a. The participle partakes of the nature of an adjective, by mod- 
ifying a noun and of a verb, by expressing action, state or being. 

b. The present participle is distinguished by the termination 
■ing ; as, living, walking. 

c. The infinitive and participle are used in abridged preposi- 
tions; as, "I knew the statement to be true;" equivalent to "I 
know that the statement was true;" On arriving home, we met a 
friend," equivalent to "When we arrived home, we met a friend." 



TENSES. 29 

Remarks on Modes. 

A. In accordance with the usual practice, the subjunctive and potential 
modes are recognized, although the ground on which such a classification rests 
may be justly questioned. The subjunctive almost always appears to be the in- 
dicative preceded by a conjunction. The contingency, given as the character, 
istic of this mode, seems rather to belong to the conjunction which precedes, 
than to the verb. There are, however, one or two forms which are peculiar to 
the subjunctive. 

The potential mode properly consists of a simple finite verb in the indicative 
and a dependent infinitive with the sign to omitted ; as, I may go, i. e. I may to go. 

B. With the participial mode has been included what is usually termed 
the u participial"houn" in ing. It does not belong there, but to the infinitive, of 
which there are two forms, one with the sign to, the other with the termination 
ing. These forms do not differ in power, but may be used interchangeably, ex- 
cept that the form with the sign to cannot be used after a preposition, while 
the form in ing can; as, "To play is pleasant," or "Playing is pleasant." We 
can also say "By accepting the offer he showed his weakness," — but not "By 
to accept, ," &c. 

Tenses. 

99. Tense denotes the time of the action or state ex- 
pressed by the verb. 

100. There are three divisions of time — present, past 
and future; and in each of these an action or event may 
be represented as complete, or as incomplete. 

101. There are six tenses — the present, past and fu- 
ture, which represent an action or event as incomplete 
at the time referred to; and the present perfect, past per- 
fect and future perfect, which represent an action as 
completed at the time referred to; as, 

Pres. I love. Past. I loved. Future. I shall love. 

Pres. Perf. I have loved. Past Perf. I had Future Perf. I shall 

[loved. [have loved . 

a. The past tense is regularly formed from the present by af- 
fixing ed; the future by prefixing shall or will. The perfect 
tenses are formed by prefixing the present, past and future tenses 
of the auxiliary have to the past participle. 

b. All the tenses are found only in the indicative and subjunctive 
modes. The potential wants the future and future perfect. The 
imperative has but one tense, — the future. The infinitive has the 



30 VERB. 

present and present perfect. The participle has three, — the present, 
past and present perfect. 

c. The past participle in the active voice is only used with aux- 
iliaries to express completed action ; in the passive voice it is used 
alone; as, " I have ruined myself;'' "He is & ruined man;" "A 
man governed by purely selfish motives is contemptible." 

103. The present tense denotes present time; as 
"Birds fly, " "Girls play." 

103. The present perfect tense represents an action or 
state as completed in present time; as "William has 
learned his lesson; " "The birds have flown.'' 

103. The past tense denotes past time; as, George* 
wen* to town; " "The floods came] " "The rain poured." 

104. The past perfect tense represents an action or 
state as completed at some past time referred to ; as, 
" The party had left town before I arrived." 

106. The future tense denotes future time; as, "His 
virtues will be sung by posterity;" "I shall soon go hence." 

a. To denote futurity, shall is generally used in the first person 
and willm the second and third; as, "We shall see him;'' "You 
will need help ;" "He will reap the reward of his deeds." 

b. Will in the first person usually denotes determination ; and 
shall in the second and third, necessity ; as, " I will do it ;" "You* 
shall not go." 

107. The future perfect tense represents an action or 
state as completed at some future time referred to; as 
"I shall have dined at one o'clock; " "The sun will have 
gone down before I return." 

Pe-rton and Number, 

108. The person and number of the verb show its 
agreement with the subject. When the subject is in the 
second person singular number, the verb takes the ter- 
mination st or est; as, "Thou Uvest" If the subject is 



CONJUGATION. 31 

third person singular, the verb takes the termination s, 
es : or eth; as, "John walks;" "The horse goes briskly;" 
••God loveth us." The termination eth occurs only in 
solemn style. 

a. The terminations of the persons in the plural are all alike, 
and except in the verb to be the same as the first person singular, 

b. The imperative mode has but one person, — the second. The 
infinitive and participle have neither person nor number. 

Conjugation. 

109. The conjugation of a verb is the regular ar- 
rangement of its parts according to the voices, modes, 
tenses, persons and numbers. 

110. The principal parts are the present and past in- 
dicative and past participle. When these are known 
all the parts of the verb may be formed by using the 
proper terminations and auxiliaries. 



CONJUGATION OF THE VERB LOVE IN THE ACTIVE 




VOICE. 




PRINCIPAL PARTS. 


Present Love. 


Past Loved. Past Participle Loved. 


111. 


Indicative Mode. 




Present Tense. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I love. 


"We love, 


1. Thou loves t, 


Ye or you love, 


3. He loves, 


They love. 




Present Perfect Tense. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I have loved, 


We have loved. 


2. Thou hast loved, 


Ye or you have loved, 


3. He has loved, 


They have loved. 




Past Tense. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I loved, 


"We loved, 


2. Thou lovedst, 


Ye or you loved, 


3. He loved. 


They loved. 



32 VERB. 

Past Perfect Tense, 
Singular. Plural 

1. I had loved, We had loved. 

2. Thou hadst loved, Ye or you had loved, 

3. He had loved, They had loved. 

Future Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall or will love, We shall or will love, 

2. Thou shalt or wilt love, Ye or you shall or will love, 

3. He shall or will love, They shall or will love. 

Future Perfect Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall or will have loved, We shall or will have loved, 

2. Thou shalt or wilt have Ye or you shall or will have loved. 

[loved, 

3. He shall or will have loved, They shall or will have loved. 

112. Subjunctive Mode. 

This mode is the same as the indicative or potential 

except that it is preceded by a conjunction denoting 

a contingency : as "If I love;" " Unless he went ; " "If 

I should go." 

Present Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. If I love, If we love, 

2. If thou lovest, If you love, 

3. If he loves, If they love. 

[Conjugate the other tenses in the same "manner.] 

113. Potential Mode. 

Present , Tense . 
Singular. Plural. 

1-. I may, can, or must love, We may, can, or must love, 

2. Thou mayst, canst, or must love, Ye or you may, can, or must 

[love. 

3. He may, can, or must love, They may, can, or must love. 

Present JPerfect Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may, can or must have loved, We may, can or must have 

[loved. 

2. Thou mayst, canst or must have Ye or you may, can or must 

[loved. [have loved. 

3. He may, can or must have loved, They may, can or must have 

[loved. 



CONJUGATION. 



33 



Past Tense. 
Singular. 

1. I might, could, would or should 

[love, 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, 

[or shouldst love, 

3. He might, could, would or should 

[love. 



Plural. 

We might, could, would or 

should love, 

Ye or you might, could. 

[would or should love, 

They might, could, would 

[or should love. 

Past Perfect Tense. 

Plural. 
We might, could, would or 

[should have loved, 
Ye or you might, could, 
[would or should have loved, 
They might, could, would or 

[should have loved^ 



Singular. 

1. I might, could, would or should 

[have loved, 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst 

[or shouldst have loved, 

3. He might, could, would or should 

[have loved, 

[The potential form of the subjunctive mode is conjugated by 
prefixing a conjunction denoting condition to the corresponding 
tenses of the potential. 





114. 


Imperative Mode. 


2. 


Singular. 
Love or love thou 


Plural. 
, Love, or love ye, or love you. 




115. 


Infinitive J\1ode. 




Present Tense. 
To love, 


Present Perfect Tense. 
To have loved. 




116. 


Participial Mode. 




Present Tense.' 
Loving, 


Past Tense. Present Perfect. 
Loved, Having loved. 




CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO BE. 






PRINCIPAL PARTS. 


Present, Be or am, 


Past, Was, Past Participle, Been. 




117. 


Indicative Mode. 

Present Tense. 


1. 
2. 

3. 

1. 
2. 
3. 


Singular. 
I am, 
Thou art, 
He is, 

Singular. 
I have been, 
Thou hast been, 
He has been, 


Plural. 
We are, 
Ye or you are, 
They are. 
Present Perfect Tense. 

Plural. 
We have been, 
Ye or you have been. 
They have been. 



34 



VERB. 



Past Tense. 



Singular. 
I was, 
Thou wast, 
He was, 



Singular. 
I had been, 
Thou hadst been, 
He had been, 



Plural. 
We were, 
Ye or you were, 
They were. 



Past Perfect Tense. 



Plural. 
We had been, 
Ye or you had been, 
They had been. 



Future Tense. 



Singular. 
I shall or will be, 
Thou shalt or wilt be, 
He shall or will be, 



Plural. 
We shall or will be, 
Ye or you shall or will be, 
They shall or will be. 



Future Perfect Tense. 

Singular. Plural. 

I shall or will have been, W T e shall or will have been, 
Thou shalt or wilt have been, Ye or you shall or will have 

[been. 
He shall or will have been, They shall or will have been. 



118. 



Subjunctive Mode, 



This mode is the same as the indicative with the sign 
if, (or some other conjunction of contingency,) prefixed. 
There is also in the past tense a peculiar form, if I were, 
used instead of if I was, and implying that I am not; 
this form is thus conjugated: 

Plural. 
If we were, 
If ye or you were, 
If they were. 



Singular. 
If I were, 
If thou wert, 
If he were, 

119. 



Potential Mode. 

Present Tense. 



Singular. Plural. 

1. I may, can, or must be, We may, can or must be, 

2. Thou mayst, canst or must be, Ye or you ma} 7 , can or must be, 

3. He may, can, or must be, They may, can or must be. 



CONJUGATION. 35 

Present Perfect Tense. 

Singular. Plural. 

1. 1 may, can or must have been, "We may, can or must have been, 

2. Thou mayst, canst or must have Ye or you may, can or must have 

[been, [been, 

3. He may, can or must have been, Theymay, can or must have been. 

Past Tense. 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I might, could, would or should We might, could, would or 

[be, [should be, 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst Ye or you might, could, would 

[or shouldst be, [or should be, 

3. He might, could, would or They might, could, would or 

should be, [should be. 

Past Perfect Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might, could, would, or should We might, could, would or 

[have been, [should have been, 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst Ye or you might, could, would 

[or shouldst have been, [or should have been, 

3. He might, could, would or should They might, could, would or 

[have been, [should have been. 

120. Imperative Mode. 

Singular. Plural. 

2. Be, or be thou, Be, or be ye, or be you. 

121. Infinitive Mode. 

Present Tense. Present Perfect Tense. 

To be, To have been. 

122. Participial Mode. 

Present Tense. Past Tense. Present Perfect Tense. 

Being, Been, Having been. 

123. Passive Voice. 

The passive voice is formed by prefixing the verb to 

be to the past participle, passive. 

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB LOVE IN THE PAS- 
SIVE VOICE. 

124. Indicative Mode. 

Present Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I am loved, "We are loved, 

2. Thou art loved, Ye or you are loved, 
,3. He is loved. They are loved. 



36 



VERB. 



Present Perfect Tense. 
Sin O ular - Plural 

V ™ av \ b Tv love , d ' , We have been loved, 

q" w^T^f T ^ Gd ' Ye or ^ ou had been loved, 

& He had been loved, They had been loved. 

Past Tense. 
Singular. piuml 

1. I was loved W e were loved, 

2. Thou wast loved, Y e or you were loved, 

3. He was loved, They were loved. 

Past Perfect Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

o* mt, ha \ be 1 en 1 loved ' We ha « been loved, 

2 Thou hadst been loved, Ye or you had been loved. 

3. He had been loved, They had been loved. 

Future Tense. 
Singular. piumL 

1. I shall or will be loved, We shall or will be loved, 

2. Thou shalt or wilt be loved, Ye or you shall or will be loved 

3. He shall or will be loved, They shall or will be loved. 

Future Perfect Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall or will have been loved, We shall or will have been 

2. Thou shalt or wilt have been Ye or you shall or willhave 

q TTocT, u -ni. r ^ loved ' [been loved, 

3. He shall or will have been loved, They shall or will have heen 

[loved. 
12 5. Subjunctive Mode. 

[See conjugation o± the verb To Be.} 

12o> - Potential Mode. 

Present Tense. 
Singular. piumL 

1. I may, can or must be loved, We may, can or must be loved, 
z. inpu mayst, canst or must Ye or you may, can or must be 

' jr t be loved > [loved, 

o. ±ie may, can or must be They may, can or must be loved. 

[loved. 



CONJUGATION. 37 

Present Perfect Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may, can or must have been We may, can or must have 

[loved, [been loved, 

2. Thou mayst, canst or must Ye or you may, can or must 

[have been loved, [have been loved, 

3. He may, can or must have They may. can or must have 

[been loved, [been loved. 

Past Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might, could, would or should We might, could, would or 

[be loved, [should be loved, 

2. Thoumightst, couldst, wouldst, Ye or you might, could, would 

[or shouldst be loved, [or should be loved, 

3. He might, could, would or They might, could, would or 

[should be loved, [should be loved. 

Past Perfect Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might, could, would or should We might, could, would or 

[have been loved, [should have been loved, 

2. Thou mightst, couldst wouldst Ye or you might, could, would 

[or shouldst have been loved, [or should have been loved, 

3. He might, could, would, or They might, could, would or 

[should have been loved, [should have been loved. 

127. Imperative Mode. 

Singular. Plural. 

2. Be loved, or be thou loved, Be loved, or be ye loved, or be 

[you loved. 

128. Infinitive Mode. 

Present Tense. Present Perfect Tense. 

To be loved. To have been loved. 

129. Participial Mode. 

Present Tense. Past Tense. Present Perfect. 

Being loved, Loved, Having been Loved. 

Co-ordinate Forms of Conjugation. 

130. Besides the common form of conjugation above 
given, there are certain other peculiar forms. The most 
important of these are the progressive and emphatic. 



38 VERB. 

The Progressive Form. 

131. The Progressive form is used to express action 
or state in progress at the time referred to. It is form- 
ed by prefixing the various modes and tenses of the 
verb to be to the present participle of the principal 
verb. It may be used in all the modes and tenses of 
the regular conjugation. For example: — 

132. Indicative Mode. 

Present Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I am walking, We are walking, 

2. Thou art walking, Ye or 3*011 are walking, 

3. He is walking, They are walking. 

[The other modes and tenses may be conjugated in the same 
manner.] 

The Emphatic Form. 

133. The Emphatic form is used to intensify the ac- 
tion or state expressed by the verb. It is formed by 
prefixing the present and past tenses indicative of the 
verb 6?o, to the simple form of the principal verb. It is 
only used in the present and past tenses indicative and 
subjunctive, and the present tense imperative. 

134. Indicative Mode. 

Present Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I do love, We do love, 

2. Thou dost love, Ye or you do love, 

3. He does love, They do love. 

[The verb is conjugated in a similar manner in the tenses 
enumerated above.] 

The Interrogative Form. 

135. Verbs may be conjugated through all the tens- 
es in the indicative and potential modes, by placing an 
auxiliary verb before the pronoun ; as, 



CONJUGATION. 



39 



136. 



Singular. 

1. Do I love? 

'J. Dost thou love? 

3. Does he love? 



Indicative Mode. 

Present Tense. 



Plural. 
Do we love ? 
Do ye or you love ? 
Do they love ? 



137. 



Potential Mode. 

Present Tense. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. May, can or must I love? May, can or must we love? 

2. May est, canst or must thou May, can or must ve or you 

[love? [love? 

May, can or must he love ? May, can or must they love? 



138. 



List of Irregular Verbs. 



Present. 

Abide, 

Am, 

Awake, 

Bear, (to bring forth,) 

Bear, (to carry,) 

Beat, 

Begin, 

Bend, 

Bereave, 

Beseech, 

Bid, 

Bind, 

Bite, 

Bleed, 

Blow, 

Break, 

Breed, 

Brincr, 

Build, 

Burn, 

Burst, 

Buy 

Cast, 

Catch, 

Chide, 

Choose, 

Cleave, (to split.) 

Cling, 

Clothe, 

Come, 

Cost. 

Creep, 

Crow, 

Cut, 



Past. 


Past Participle. 


Abode, 


Abode, 


Was, 


Been, 


Awoke, r. * 


Awaked, 


Bore, 


Born, 


Bore, 


Borne, 


Beat, 


Beaten, beat, 


Began, 


Begun, 


Bent, r. 


Bent, 


Bereft, r. 


Bereft, r. 


Besought, 


Besought, 


Bid, bade, 


Bidden, bid, 


Bound, 


Bound, 


Bit, 


Bitten, bit, 


Bled, 


Bled, 


Blew, 


Blown, 


Broke, 


Broken, 


Bred, 


Bred, 


Brought, 


Brought, 


Built, r. 


Built, 


Burnt, r. 


Burnt, r. 


Burst, 


Burst, 


Bought, 


Bought, 


Cast, 


Cast, 


Caught, r. 


Caught, r. 


Chid, 


Chidden, Chid, 


Chose, 


Chosen, 


Clove,' cleft, 


Cloven, 


Clung, 


Clung, 


Clad, r. 


Clad, r. 


Came, 


Come, 


Cost, 


Cost, 


Crept, 


Crept, 


Crew, r. 


Crowed, 


Cut, 


Cut, 



* Those verbs whose past tense and past participle are marked r have also 
a regular form ; as awoke or awaked. ' 



40 



VERB. 



Present. 


Past. 


Dare, 


Durst, 


Deal, 


Dealt, r. 


Dig, 
Do, 


Dug, R. 
Did, 


Draw, 


Drew, 


Dream, 


Dreamt, r. 


Drink, 


Drank, 


Drive, 


Drove, 


Dwell, 


Dwelt, r. 


Eat, 


Ate, eat, 


Fall, 


Fell, 


Feed, 


Fed, • 


Feel, 


Felt, 


Fight, 


Fought, 


Find, 


Found, 


Flee, 


Fled, 


Fling 


Flung, 


Fly, 


Flew, 


Forsake, 


Forsook, 


Freeze, 


Froze, 


Freight, 


Freighted. 


Get, 


Got, 


Gild, 


Gilt, r. 


Gird, 


Girt, r. 


Give, 


Gave, 


Go, 


Went, 


Grave, 


Graved, 


Grind, 


Ground, 


Grow, 


Grew, 


Hang, 


Hung, 


Have, 


Had, 


Hear, 


Heard, 


Heave, 


Hove, r. 


Hew. 


Hewed, 


Hide, 


Hid, 


Hit, 


Hit, 


Hold, 


Held, 


Hart, 


Hurt, 


Keep, 


Kept, 


Kneel, 


Knelt, r. 


Knit, 


Knit, r. 


Know, 


Knew, 


Lade, 


Laded, 


Lay, 


Laid, 


Lead, 


•Led, 


Leave. 


Left, 


Lend, 


Lent, 


Let, 


Let, 


Lie, (to recline,) 


Lay, 


Light, 


Lit. r. 


Load, 


Loaded, 


Lose, 


Lost, 


Make, 


Made, 


Mean, 


Meant, 


Meet, 


Met, 


Mow, 


Mowed, 


Pay, 


Paid, 


Pen, (to enclose,) 


Pent, r. 


Put. 


Put, 


Quit, 


Quit, r. 


Read, 


Read, 


Rend, 


Rent 


Rid, 


Rid, 


Ride, 


Rode, 



Past Participle. 
Dared, 
Dealt, r. 
Dug, R. 
Done, 
Drawn, 
Dreamt, r. 
Drunk, drank. 
Driven, 
Dwelt, r. 
Eaten, 
Fallen, 
Fed, 
Felt, 
Fought, 
Found,. 
Fled, 
Flung, 
Flown, 
Forsaken, 
Frozen, 
Freighted, r. 
Got, Gotted 
Gilt, r. 
Girt, r, 
Given, 
Gone, 
Graven, r. 
Ground, 
Grown, 
Hung, 
Had, 
Heard. 
Hoven, r. 
Hewn, r. 
Hidden. Hid. 
Hit, 
Held, 
Hurt, 
Kept, 
Knelt, 
Knit, 
Known , 
Laden, 
Laid, 
Led, 
Left, 
Lent, 
Let, 
Lain, 
Lit, r. 
Laden, r. 
Lost, 
Made, 
Mesmt, 
Met, 

Mown, r. 
Paid, 
Rent, r. 
Put, 
Quit, «.. 
Read, ^ 

Rent, 
Rid, 
Ridden, 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



41 



Present. 

Ring, 

Rise, 

Rive, 

Run, 

Saw, 

Say, 

See, 

Seek, 

Seethe, 

Sell, 

Send, 

Set, 

Sit, 

Shake, 

Shape, 

.Shave, 

Sheer, 

Shed, 

Shine, 

Shoe, 

Shoot, 

Show, 

Shred, 

Shrink, 

Shut, 

Sing, 

Sink, 

Slay, 

Sleep, 

Slide, 

Sling, 

Slink, 

Slit, 

Smite, 

Sow, (to scatter, 

Speak, 

Speed, 

Spell, 

Spend, 

Spill, 

Spin, 

Spit, 

Split, 

Spread, 

Spring, 

Stand, 

Steal, 

Stick, 

Sting, 

Stride, 

Strike, 

String, 

Strive, 

Strow or strew, 

Swear, 

Sweat, 

Sweep, 

Swell, 

Swim, 

Swing, 

Take, 

Teach, 



Past. 


Past Participle. 


Rang, rung, 


Rung, 


Rose, 


Risen, 


Rived, 


Riven, 


Ran, 


Run, 


Sawed, 


Sawn. r. 


Said, 


Said, 


Saw, 


Seen, 


Sought, 


Sought, 
Sodden, 


Sod, r. 


Sold, 


Sold, 


Sent, 


Sent, 


Set, 


Set, 


Sat, 


Sat, 


Shook, 


Shaken, 


Shaped, 


Shapen. r. 


Shaved, 


Shaven, r. 


Sheared, 


Shorn, r. 


Shed, 


Shed, 


Shone, 


Shone, 


Shod, 


Shod, 


Shot, 


Shot, 


Showed, 


Shown, 


Shred, 


Shred, 


Shrunk, shrank, 


Shrunk. 


Shut, 


Shut, 


Sang, sung, 


Sung, 


Sunk, sank, 


Sunk, 


Slew, 


Slain, 


Slept, 
Slid, 


Slept, 
Sliden, Slid, 


Slung, 


Slung, 


Slunk, 


Slunk, 


Slit, 


Slit, r. 


Smote, 


Smitten, Smit, 


Sowed, 


Sown, r. 


Spoke, 


Spoken, 


Sped, 


Sped, 


Spelt, r. 


Spelt, r. 


Spent, 


Spent, 


Spilt, r. 


Spilt, r. 


Spun, 


Spun, 


Spit, 


Spit, 


Split, 


Split, 


Spread, 


Spread, 


Sprang, sprung. 


Sprung, 


Stood, 


Stood, 


Stole, 


Stolen, 


Stuck, 


Stuck, 


Stung, 


Stung, 


Strode, strid, 


Stridden, 


Struck, 


Struck, Stricken, 


Strung, 


Strung, 


Strove, 


Striven, 


Strowed or strewed, 


Strown, Strewn, r, 


Swore, 


Sworn, 


Sweat, r. 


Sweat, r. 


Swept, 


Swept; 
Swollen, r. 


Swelled, 


Swam, Swum, 


Swum, 


Swung, 


Swung, 


Took, 


Taken, 


Taught, 


Taught, 



42 



VERB. 



Past. 


Past Participle. 


Tore, 


Torn, 


Told, 


Told, 


Thought, 


Thought, 


Throve, 


Thriven, 


Threw, 


Thrown, 


Thrust, 


Thrust, 


Trod, 


Trodden, Trod, 


Waxed, 


Waxen, r. 


Wore, 


Worn, 


Wove, 


Woven, 


Wept, 


Wept, 


Wet, r. 


Wet, r. 


Whet, b. 


Whet, r. 


Won, 


Won, 


Wound. 


Wound, 


Wrought, r. 


Wrought, r. 


Wrung, 


Wrung, 


Wrote, 


Written, 



Present. 

Tear, 

Tell, 

Think, 

Thrive, 

Throw, 

Thrust, 

Tread, 

Wax, 

Wear, 

Weave, 

Weep, 

Wet, 

Whet, 

Win, 

Wind, 

Work, 

Wring, 

Write, 

Order of Parsing. 

139. A Verb, and why? — Active or Neuter, and why? 
If Active, Transitive or Intransitive, and why? — If tran- 
sitive, Active or Passive Voice and why? — Principal 
parts, Regular or Irregular, and why ? — Mode, and why ? 
— Tense, and why? — Person and number, and why? Eule. 

140. Parse all the nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and 
verbs in the following sentences ; 

Models. 
Anxiety to excel prevailed. 

To excel A verb — it expresses action, — intransitive — the ac- 
tion does not pass from an agent to an object, 
principal parts, excel, excelled, excelled ; regular — 
it forms its past indicative and past participle in 
ed; infinitive mode — it is unlimited by person and 
number; present tense — it denotes present time . 
and it depends on the noun anxiety. — Kule XV. 

Prevailed A verb — it expresses action; intransitive — the ac- 
tion does not pass over from an agent to an object ; 
principal parts, prevail, prevailed, prevailed; reg- 
ular — it forms its past indicative and past parti- 
ciple in ed; indicative mode — it makes a declara- 
tion ; past tense— it denotes past time ; third 
person, singular number, to agree with its subject, 
anxiety. — Rule XI. 



MODELS. 43 

Note. — Pupils should conjugate the verbs which occur in the exeercises, at 
least through the modes and tenses in which they are found, until the conjuga- 
tions are perfectly familiar. 

141. The officer having been cowardly was cash- 
iered. 

Having been A verb — it expresses being; neuter — it connects 

the attribute cowardly with the noun officer ; prin # 
parts, am, ivas, been; irregular — it does not form 
its past indicative and past participle in ed; par- 
ticipial mode — it represents the state as the prop- 
erty of the noun ; present perfect tense — it denotes 
a state completed in present time ; as an adjective 
it limits the noun officer. Rule XYI. 

Was Cashiered.... k. verb — it expresses action; transitive — the 
action terminates on an object ; passive voice — 
the action passes frem an agent understood to 
the subject; principal parts, cashier, cashiered, 
cashiered; regular — it forms its past indicative 
and past participle med; indicative mode — it makes 
a declaration ; past tense — it denotes past time ; 
third person, singular number, to agree with its 
subject, officer, — Rule XI. 

142. The hope of better things will cheer us. 

Will cheer A verb, &c. ; transitive — the action passes from an 

agent to an object ; active voice — the action pas- 
ses from the subject hope to the object us ; prin. 
parts, cheer, cheered, cheered; regular, §c, — in- 
dicative mode, &c. — future tense — it denotes future 
time ; third person, singular number, to agree 
with its subject, hope. — Rule XI. 

EXERCISES. 

The time to study has arrived. He who does no good does 
harm. The love of money is the root of all evil. The voice of 
truth will be heard. He who disobeys the commands of God will 
meet with certain punishment. James can improve if he studies. 
Many discoveries have been made in the present century. You 
should have studied your lesson before you came to school. Will 



44 * VERB. 






you come if I call for you?. Hear the winter wind blow. Be 
advised by your friends. The mischievous boy was punished by 
the teacher. The teacher punished the mischievous boy. Deter- 
mine to perform whatever you undertake. "Who that is idle can 
expect to improve. What is worth being iearned is worth being- 
well learned. I am resolved that I will not be treated in this 
manner if I can help it. The workmen will receive their money, 
if the work shall have been completed. He who tells a lie is not 
sensible how great a task he undertakes ; for he will be forced to 
invent twenty more to maintain one. Tell me a tale of the olden 
time. "Who will show us any good? " Paint me as I am," said 
Oliver Cromwell; " If you leave out the scars and wrinkles, I 
will not pay you a shilling." It is James who is coming. Wil- 
liam has been writing letters to his friends. Thomas has been 
engaged in writing letters. Henry being fond of writing to his 
friends has become an expert letter writer. We found the horse 
feeding upon the grass growing by the road side. That boy must 
have taken great delight in being odd. The honest fellow was 
greatly amazed at having been charged with crime. We pity 
this lad for having been born blind. Walking is healthy exer- 
cise. The letter having been intercepted, the whole plot was 
discovered. All these exercises will have been correctly parsed 
before the scholar is prepared to commence the next chapter. 

143. Form five sentences containing transitive verbs 
in the active voice — Five, containing transitive verbs in 
the passive voice — Five, containing active intransitive 
verbs — Five, containing neuter verbs — Five, containing 
regular verbs in the indicative mode, and each in a dif- 
ferent tense — Five, containing irregular verbs in the 
subjunctive mode, different tenses — Five, in the potential 
mode — Five, in the imperative mode — Five, in the in- 
finitive mode — Five, in the participial mode. 



REVIEW. 45 

OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 

144. VEEB. (76. a. b. 77.) 

I. Classes. 

A.— Active, (78) 

1. Transitive, (80) 

a — Active voice, (83) 
d— Passive " (84) 

2. Intransitive, (81) 
B.— Neuter, (79) 

C. — Co-ordinate Classes, (85) 

1. Kegular, (86, a) 

2. Irregular, (87) 

3. Defective, (88) 

4. Auxiliary, (89, a) 

5. Impersonal, (90, a) 

II. Properties, (91) 

A.— Mode, (92) 

1. Indicative, (93, a) 

2. Subjunctive, (94, a, b, c, d.) 

3. Potential, (95, a, b,) 

4. Imperative, (96) 

5. Infinitive, (97, a) 

6. Participial, (98, a, b, c.) 

7. Kemarks, (A. B.) 
B.— Tense, (99, 100, 101, a, b, c.) 

1. Present, (102) 

2. Present Perfect, (103) 

3. Past, (104) 

4. Past Perfect, (105) 

5. Future, (106, a, b,) 

6. Future Perfect, (107) 
C. — Person and Numher, (108) 

a — Terminations, (108 a) 
b — Imperative, " b) 

c — Participial, . ( '• c) 
III. Conjugation, (109, 110,) 
A. — Active Voice, 



46 ADVERB. 



1. Indicative Mode, (111) 

2. Subjunctive " (112) 

3. Potential " (113) 

4. Imperative " (114) 

5. Infinitive " (115) 

6. Participial " (116) 
B.— Vcrb To Be, (117, &c.) 

C. — Passive Voice, (123, &c.) 
D. — Co-ordinate Forms, (130) 

1. Progressive, (131, 132) 

2. Emphatic, (133, 134) 

3. Interrogative, (135, &c.) 
IV. Order of Parsing, (139] 



OHAPTBE VI. 



THE ADVERB. 



145. An Adverb is a word used to modify or limit the 
meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb ; as, 
" He studies diligently;" "He is very wise;" "He acts 
more cautiously." 

a. Adverbs sometimes modify nouns or pronouns; as, "They 
left John only." 

Glasses of Adverbs. 

146. Adverbs maybe divided into five general class- 
es — adverbs of place, of time, of cause, of manner, and of 
comparison. 

a. Adverbs of manner are generally formed from adjectives 
by adding ly; thus, just, justly. 

b. Nay, no, and not are called adverbs of negation; yes, of 
affirmation. 

147. A conjunctive adverb connects an adverbial 
clause to the principal, and modifies both predicates ; as, 
il I shall see you when you come;" "The book is where 
I left it;" "He will remain while you are absent." 



ORDER OF PARSING. 47 

a. Some words which are so used, may also be used as inter- 
rogative adverbs; as, "When will you return?" 

Comparison of Adverbs. 

148. Many adverbs, especially those denoting man- 
ner, are compared; as, soon, sooner, soonest ; swiftly , more 
swiftly, most swiftly. 

a. Some adverbs are compared irregularly; as, ill or badly; 
tvorse, worst; much, more, most; well, better, best. 

ORDER OF PARSING. 

149. An Adverb, and why? Class and why? — What 
does it limit or qualify? Eule. 

150. Parse all the nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, 
and adverbs, in the following sentences : 

MODELS. 

He acts justly. 

Justly An adverb — it is used to modify a verb; of manner 

—it denotes hoiv he acts; it qualifies the verb acts 
—Eule XVII. 

151. The wicked walk on every side when the vilest 
men are exalted. 

When A conjunctive adverb — it connects an adverbial clause 

to the principal, and also qualifies the verbs walk 
and are exalted, by denoting time. Rule XVII. 

EXERCISES. 

God is present everywhere. Act more wisely. Vice may be 
seen too often. He is a truly great man. He writes very rapid- 
ly. Sleep seldom visits sorrow. When you have nothing to say, 
say nothing. I have spoken to you twice. I con Id not go so 
soon, therefore I remained. He went as he came. It always 
rains when you come. Many hours passed away before she re- 
turned. "When shall I see you again? Never. Wherefore didst 
thou desert me ? Come soon to the friends who are eagerly ex- 
specting you. Where is God? Everywhere. You stay till I 
come. I play and study also. 



48 PREPOSITION. 

152. Form five sentences containing adverbs ot 
place — Five, containing adverbs of time — Five, contain- 
ing adverbs of cause— Five, containing adverbs of man- 
ner — Five, containing adverbs of comparison — Five con- 
taining conjunctive adverbs. 

OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 

153. ADVEEB, (145.) 

I. Classes. 

a— Place, [146] 

b— Time, [ " ] 

c — Cause, [ " ] 

d — Manner, [ " ] 

e — Comparison, [ " ] 
II. Conjunctive Adverb, [147] 
III. Comparison. 

a-- Kegular. [148] 

b — Irregular. [148, a] 
IY. Order of Parsing, [149] 



CHAPTEE VII. 

THE PREPOSITION. 

154. A preposition shows the relation of a noun or 
pronoun to some other words; as, "A man of straw;" 
" The book lies on the table." 

a. The object of a preposition is not always a single word; it 
may be & phrase, or a clause; as, "He was intent on finding out 
the secret;" "Much will depend on who the commissioners are." 

List of Prepositions. 

155. The following is a list of the principal Preposi- 
tions : 

Aboard, Before, For, Throughout, 

About, Behind, From, Till, 

Above, Below, In, Into, To, 

According to, Beneath, Notwithstanding, Touching, 



ORDER OF PARSING. 



49 



Beside, V 

Besides, j 


Of, 


Toward, ") 
Towards, j 


Off, 


Between, 


On, 


Under, 


Betwixt, 


Out of, 


Underneath, 


Beyond, 


Over, 


Until, 


By, 


Past, 


Unto, 


Concerning, 


Kegarding, 


Up, 


Down, 


Kespecting, 


Upon, 


During, 


Round, 


"Within, 


Except, 


Since, 


Without, 


Excepting, 


Through, 





Across, 

After, 

Against, 

Along, 

Amid, ^ 

Amidst, J 

Among, | 

Amongst, j 

Around, 

At, 

Athwart, 

a. Several conjunctions and adverbs are frequently used as 
prepositions; as, but, than, as, near, ere, till, until, since, round, 
&c; as, 

" The boy stood on the burning deck, 
Whence all but him had fled." 

b. When the object of the preposition is omitted, the preposi- 
tion may be treated as an adverb; as, "They rode by in haste/ 1 

c. Tivo prepositions are frequently united, to perform the of- 
fice of a single preposition; as, "The thief took the watch from 
beneath my pillow;" "The young man came out of the woods." 

ORDER OF PARSING. 

156. A Preposition, and why? — what relation does it 
show? — Eule. 

157. Parse all the nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, 
adverbs, and prepositions in the following exercises : 

MODELS. 

We are passing down the current of life. 

Down A Preposition — it shows the relation of its object 

to another word; it shows the relation of the 
noun,, current, to the verb, are passing. — Eule XIX. 

Of > A Preposition — it shows the relation of its object 

to another word ; it shows the relation of the 
noun, life, to the noun, current. — Rule XIX. 

EXERCISES. 

The steamboat is faced up the stream. We have gone past the 
boundary. We may expect affliction during our earthly pilgrim- 
age. Much good land lies between the two mountains. I have 



50 CONJUNCTION. 

not been in the city since January. It was about the space of 
three hours after that time. He is not in doubt as to this partic- 
ular fact. He granted the favor out of good nature. The goods 
were taken out of the house at night. The parsonage stands 
over against the church. The letters were written by Charles to 
a friend. He set his face toward the wilderness. His having re- 
lieved many persons in distress, was a source of much delight to 
him in his old age. We cannot avoid being distressed at the 
misfortunes of our friends. His being idle in summer has brought 
a winter of poverty. He spends too much time in playing. 
True happiness is an enemy to pomp and noise. To you this sum 
is nothing; to me it is everything. You ought to be a blessing 
to mankind. Be ashamed of your pride; not proud of your 
shame. Strive to live in peace with all men. An honest man is 
believed without an oath ; his reputation swears fyr him. 

158. Form five sentences containing prepositions 
having nouns or pronouns for their objects, — Five, hav- 
ing phrases for their objects, — Five, having clauses for 
their objects. 

OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 

159.— PEEPOSITION, (154) 
I. Object. 

a — JNoun or Pronoun, (154 a) 
b—A Phrase, ( " ) 

c— A Clause, ( " ) 

II. List, (155) 

III. Eemakks. 

a — Conjunctions and Adverbs, (155, a) 

b — Object omitted, (154, b) 

c — Double prepositions, (155, c) 

IV. Order or Parsing, (156) 



CHAPTEE VIII. 

THE CONJUNCTION. 

160. A Conjunction is a word which connects %vord s 
phrases, and clauses] as. "James and Henry learn rapid- 



ORDER OF PARSING. 51 

ly because they are diligent ;" "He lives at the foot of a 
hill and beside a stream. " 

a. Here and connects the words James and JHenry ; because 
connects the clauses, "James and Henry learn rapidly," and "thev 
are diligent;' 7 and and connects the phrases "at the foot of a 
hill, and beside a stream." 

161. Conjunctions are divided into two classes — cop- 
ulative and disjunctive. 

a. And connects something as an addition to what precedes, 
and is the true copulative conjunction. Both, when used with 
and, marks the connection more emphatically. The other copu- 
lative conjunctions serve to connect a subordinate clause denoting 
cause, condition, result, etc., to the principal. 

162. The principal copulative conjunctions are, and, 
both, as, because, for, if, since, that. 

163. The principal disjunctive conjunctions are or, 
either, nor, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, 
whether, lest, unless, notwithstanding. 

a. Or is used to connect something as an alternative to what 
precedes. Either is used with or, and neither with nor, as both is 
with and. The others chiefly serve to connect to the principal 
clause, a subordinate clause, denoting doubt, or something opposed 
to the principal clause. 

ORDER OF PARSING. 

164. A Conjunction, and why?— Copulative or Dis- 
junctive, and why ?— what does it connect?— Eule. 

165. Parse all the words in the following sentences ; 

MODELS. 

The moon and stars were shining. 
And A Conjunction — it is used to connect words, phra- 
ses, and clauses ; copulative — it unites words, moon 
and stars, by denoting addition. — Kule XVII. 

166. He was poor but he might have been rich. 



52 CONJUNCTION. 

But A Conjunction — it is used to connect words, phrases 

and clauses ; disjunctive — it unites the subordinate 
clause, u He might have been rich" to the principal 
clause, by denoting opposition. — Kule. 

EXERCISES. 

The heavens declare the glory of G-od; and the firmament 
showeth his handiwork. We must study diligently, or we shall 
disappoint our parents in their just expectations. The young 
man took delight in being odd, and teasing his companions. Hav- 
ing paid the debt, or secured its payment, he was released from 
durance. The young man being skillful in farming, and being 
likewise industrious and economical, you need not fear to sell him 
a piece of land. My friend gained his fortune neither by impo- 
sition upon his customers, nor by dealing in contraband goods. 
You go to school that you may acquire an education. My son, 
be wise, and make my heart glad, that I may answer him that 
reproacheth me. His being obsequious, that he might gain the 
favor of his officers, excited their contempt. We need not mere- 
ly a pair of hbr&es, but also a yoke of oxen. The faithful teacher 
not only advises his pupils to be studious, but he also compels 
them to be so, by severe tasking, and exact recitation. Doing 
good because y-.-a love to do it, is a mark of innate benevolence. 
Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom; and with 
all thy go. get understanding. Man is a sinner ; he has, 

therefore, a Saviour. I could not sell my grain for a 

good price : so \ kept it-over. 

167. Form live sentences containing conjunctions 
which uniU -Is, — Five, which unite phrases — Five, 
which m uses. 

OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 

168. C MOTION (160) 

1 LASSES. 

a — Copulative, (162, a) 
b — Disjunctive, (163, a) 
br or Parsing, (164) 



INTERJECTION. 53 

CHAPTEE IX. 

THE INTERJECTION. 

169. An Interjection is a word used as an exclama- 
tion to express emotion; as, " Oh! what a fall was there." 
"Ah! then and there was hurrying to and fro." 

List of Interjections. 

170. The principal interjections are; Ah! alas! oh! 
ha ! ! fudge ! pish ! tush ! pshaiv ! poh / pugh I fie ! avaunt! 
ho! hallo ! aha! huzza! hurrah! welcome! hail! all-hail! 
hush! hist! heighho! heyday! brave! adieu! 

a. Other parts of speech may be treated as interjections when 
used as exclamations; as, Behold! off! away! strange! 

ORDER OF PARSING. 

171. An Interjection, and why? — Eule. 

172. Parse all the words in the following sentences^ 

MODEL. 

Oh! make her a grave where the sun-beams rest. 

Oh An Interjection — it expresses emotion; — it has no 

grammatical connection with the sentence. 

EXERCISES. 

Ah ! then and there was hurrying to and fro. Praise waiteth 
for thee, O God, in Zion. He died, alas! in early youth. What! 
warder, ho! 



GENERAL PARSING EXERCISES. 

1. The sight of the wreck gave rise to many dismal anecdotes. 

2. The storm increased with the night. 

3. As we sailed up the Mersey, my eye dwelt with delight ©n 
neat cottages, with their trim shrubberies and green grass-plats. 



54 GENERAL PARSING EXERCISES. 

4. I particularly noticed one young woman, of humble dress 
but interesting demeanor. 

5. The pilgrim, who reaches this valley of tears, 
Would fain hurry by ; and, with trembling and fears, 
He is launched on the wreck-covered river. 

6. In the poetical quarter I found there were poets who had 
no monuments, and monuments which had no poets. 

7. See the beautiful flowers, the attendants of spring. 

8. To learn a little well, is better than to attempt to learn 
much imperfectly. 

9. All complain of want of memory, none of want of judg- 
ment. 

10. Burke wrote a treatise on the sublime and beautiful. 

11. We all admire George Washington, the only military chief- 
tain whose soul was uncorrupted by ambition. 

12. The ship came safe to land. 

13. Avenging and bright fell the swift sword of Erin. 

14. He endeavors to prevent our being tossed about by every 
wind of doctrine. 

15. "The good, the brave, the beautiful", 

How dreamless is their sleep, 
Where rolls the dirge-like music 
Of the ever-tossing deep. 77 

16. Neither his head nor his heart is as it ought to be. 

17. Either the author or the printer has subjected himself to 
prosecution. 

18. The female world were very busy among themselves for 
features • one was trucking a lock of grey hairs for a carbuncle 7 
and another was making over a short waste for a pair of round 
shoulders ; but on all these occasions, there was not one of them 
who did not think the new blemish, as she had got it into her pos- 
session, much more disagreeable than the old one. 

19. "With woeful measures, wan Despair 

Low sullen sounds his grief beguiled; 
A solemn, strange, and mingled air ; 

'Twas sad, by fits; by starts, 'twas wild/' 

20. That man I have never seen before. 

21. He strove to slander whom he led to sin. 



GENERAL PARSING EXERCISES. 55 

22. Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even 
so to them. 

23. Therefore leave your forest of beasts for ours of brutes, call- 
ed man. 

24. O, for a lodge in some vast wilderness! 

25. Who would fardels bear, to groan and sweat under the bur- 
den of a weary life ? 

26. Noble houses have laid claim to him since his name has be- 
come so renowned as to confer, rather than receive, distinction. 

27. To suffer the opinion of others to rule our choice or over- 
power our resolves, is to submit tamely to the lowest and most 
ignominious slavery. 

28. Having become an active friend of the insane, she devotes 
all her time to their good. 

29. Is there no way to bring home a wandering sheep but by 
worrying him to death? 

30. Pshaw! how can you be so foolish ! 

31. "A crown for the victor! a crown of light ! 

To be worn with a robe whose spotless white 
Makes darkness seem resting on Alpine snows; 
And he who cometh his mightiest foes, 
That robe and crown shall gain. 

32. Rouse ye Romans! rouse ye slaves! 

33. Whichever way we turned, destruction threatened us. 

34. O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and 
stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have 
gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her 
chickens under her wings, and ye would not ! 

35. Behold your house is left unto you desolate. 

36. Eender therefore unto Caesar, the things which are Caesar's ; 
and unto God, the things which are God's. 

37. If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God. 

38. The person who called here yesterday, and wanted you to 
go with him to California, called again this morning, and left hi* 
card, with the request that you meet him at the hotel at four o'- 

' clock. 

39. Was it thou or the dog that opened the door? 



56 GENERAL PARSING EXERCISES. 

40. He that troubled you shall bear bis judgment, whosoever be 

41. Therefore, thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou 
art that judgest. 

42. Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying, "Whom shall 1 
send, and who will go for us ? 

43. What course have you resolved on pursuing? 

44. Which is mine, and which is yours? 

45 "Through each gradation, from the castle hall. 

The city dome, the villa crowned with shade, 
But chief from modest mansions numberless, 
In town or hamlet, sheltering middle life, 
Down to the cottage vale, and straw-roofed shed. 
The western isle hath long been famed for scenes 
Where bliss domestic finds a dwelling place : 
Domestic bliss, that like a harmless dove, 
(Honor and sweet endearment keeping guard,) 
Can center in a quiet little nest 
All that desire would fly for through the earth. 
That can, the world eluding, be itself 
A world enjoyed; that wants no witnessses 
But its own sharers, and approving Heaven ; 
That like a flower deep hid in rocky cleft, 
Smiles, though 'tis looking only at the sky." 



CLASSIFICATION 



AND 



ANALYSIS 



OF 



SENTENCES & PHRASES 



CONTENTS 



Page 

Sentences — Divisions 5 

Declarative , 5 

Interrogative 5 

Imperative 5 

Exclamatory 6 

Elements 6 

Principal „ 6 

Subject 7 

Predicate 8 

Object 9 

Subordinate • 11 

Adjective 11 

Adverbial 12 

Classes 12 

Attendant Elements , 14 

Sentences — Subdivisions 18 

Simple 18 

Complex 18 

Compound 19 

Independent , 24 

Dependent 24 

Auxiliary 24 

Substantive 25 

Adjective 25 

Adverbial 25 

Transitive 28 

Intransitive 28 

Mixed 29 

Phrases— Divisions 30 

Substantive 31 

Adjective 31 

Adverbial 31 

Elements 32 

Principal 32 

Leader 33 

Subject 33 



CONTENTS. 

Object 33 

Attribute 34 

Subordinate 34 

Phrases — Subdivisions 36 

Simple , 36 

Complex 36 

Compound 37 

Prepositional 39 

Infinitive 40 

Participial 40 

Absolute , 40 

Transitive 41 

Intransitive 41 

Mixed 41 

Connectives 43 

Conjunctions 43 

Conjunctive Adverbs 44 

Prepositions 44 

Relative Pronouns 45 

Analysis — Models 

Simple Sentences — Word Modifiers 46 

" " — Prepositional Phrase 50 

" •' — Infinitive and Prepositional Phrase 56 

" " — Participial and Absolute Phrase 62 

Complex Sentences 67 

Compound " ! 82 

Rules of Syntax , 86 

Outline for Review 89 

Exercises on the Rules 91 



PAET I. 

CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 

CHAPTER I. 

THE DIVISION OF SENTENCES. 

1. Language is the means by which we communicate 
our thoughts, feelings and desires, by the use of words 
as the signs of our ideas. 

2. A Sentence is an assemblage of words containing an 
entire proposition, so arranged as to assert a fact, ask a 
question, express a command or entreaty, or contain an 
exclamation. Sentences are, therefore, divided according 
to their office, into four classes : 

1 — Declarative. 
2 — Interrogative. 
3— Imperative. 
4 — Exclamatory. 

3. A Declarative Sentence is used to express an affirm- 
ation or negation ; as, — John recites grammar. James 
cannot recite grammar. 

4. An Interrogative Sentence is used to ask a question; 
as, — Does John recite grammar ? Cannot James recite 
grammar? 

a. A sentence may contain an indirect interrogative; 
as, I do not know who was there. 

5. An Imperative Sentence is used for commanding, x e$? 
horting, entreating or permitting ; as, — John, recite youx 
grammar. Cease to do evil. Go in peace. 



6 SENTENCES. 



6. An Exclamatory Sentence is used to express sur- 
prise, astonishment, admiration, or other emotion or strong 
feeling ; as,— How mysterious are the ways of Provi- 
dence ! What a beautiful flower I have found ! 

7. Give the office of each of the following sentences : 

MODEL. 

Do you expect to excel in your studies without diligence? 
A Sentence,- — it contains an entire proposition. 2. 
Interrogative, — it asks a question. 4. 

Note. — The figures in the text refer to the numbers of the sec- 
tions. 

Lovely art thou, oh, Peace ! Listen attentively to the instruc- 
tions of your teachers. A good scholar is known by his diligence. 
Oh, how glad I am to see you ! Can no source of confidence be 
named? How brightly the sun shines! Shall mortal man be 
more just than God? John preached repentance. Do students 
need instruction ? Tremendous torrent ! for an instant hush thy 
% r oice i Go to the well for a bucket of water. Can you tell what 
he said ? Kecitations could not be omitted. Will not the Banker 
pay the draft at sight ? The big tear then started from his eye. 
"Who gave a dollar for a knife ? The streets are very wide. By 
what time will the ship have arrived? Yicious boys are trouble- 
some neighbors. Be merciful to the poor of your neighborhood. 



CHAPTEE II. 

THE ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES. 

8. The parts which enter into the construction of sen- 
tences are called their elements. They are words, phrases, 
(55) and clauses. (40) a. 

9. There are five distinct classes of elements, distin- 
guished as Principal and Subordinate. 

PRINCIPAL ELEMENMTS. 

10. The Principal Elements of a sentence are those 
necessary to its construction. In a Transitive Sentence 
(51) they are the Subject, Predicate and Object. In an 
Intransitive Sentence (52) they are the Subject and Pre- 
dicate. 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 



THE SUBJECT. 

11. The Subject of a sentence is that which is chiefly 
spoken of; and, therefore, forms the basis of the propo- 
sition ; as, John studies. He improves. To study dili- 
gently is John's duty. That John should study diligently, 
is evident. 

a. The term substantive is used to denote nouns, pro- 
nouns, phrases, and sentences that imply substantive ex- 
istence, whether material or immaterial, as in the above 

examples. 

12. Give the Office and Subject of each of the follow- 
ing sentences : 

M O D E L 8 . 

A — That man is mortal, is proved to us daily. 

A Sentence, — it contains an entire proposition. 

Declarative, — it makes an affirmation. 

Subject, — the clause — That man is mortal, — it forms the basis of 

the proposition. 
B — A man of virtue loves virtuous men. 
A Sentence, — "Why ? 
Declarative, — " 
Subject, — the word, — man, — it is the basis of the proposition. 

Paul, the apostle, was a martyr. How he made his escape is a 
mystery. The Indian warriors of America are called braves. Do 
you believe those absurd stories ? To swear profanely is wicked. 
From whence comest thou ? The place of his concealment has 
not been ascertained. Where letters were first used is not known 
with certainty. The youth of the present day are slaves to nov- 
elty. Who gave the book to Jane ? To whom did you give the 
pencil? Oh, see what a handsome knife ! To visit our friends is 
pleasant. That no man is justified in the sight of God, by the 
law, is evident. For American citizens to be educated, is highly 
necessary. That you may succeed in your undertaking is my 
earnest desire. 



8 SENTENCES. 



CHAPTER III. 

ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES — CONTINUED. 
THE PREDICATE. 

13. The Predicate of a proposition is that which is 
attributed to, or affirmed of the subjoct. It may predi- 
cate: 

1st. — -Existence; as, — The corn is in the field. 
2d. — Action; as, — The corn grows in the field. 
3d. — A Quality belonging to the subject ; as, — The corn 
is green. 

4th.- — A Substantive Attribute of the subject ; as, — Corn 
is a vegetable. 

Hence, the Predicate may be : 
1. — A Verb , alone. 
2. — A Verb and an Adjective. 
3. — A Verb and a Substantive. 

14. Every predicate consists of two parts ; — a Copula 
and an Attribute. When the predicate is a verb alone, it 
contains both the copula and attribute. When it is a 
verb and an adjective, or substantive, the verb is the copula, 
and the adjective or substantive is the attribute, as in the 
examples in sec. 13. 

15. When an adjective or a substantive is used with 
the copula to form the predicate, the copula must be a 
neuter verb or the passive form of a transitive verb. 
Hence substantives, following neuter and passive verbs, 
belong to the predicate ; as, — This mound remains an im- 
perishable monument of an extinct race. John was elected 
Secretary. 

16. Give the Office, Subject and Predicate of the fol- 
lowing sentences : 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS, 



' MODELS. 

A. — John studies at school. 

A Sentence, — "Why? 

Declarative, — " 

Subject, — " 

Predicate, — Studies, — it affirms an act of the subject, John. 

B. — Is vice pernicious ? 

A Sentence, — "Why ? 

Interrogative, — " 

Subject m — " 

Predicate, — is pernicious ; — it is what is attributed to the subject, 
vice. Parts : — Is, the copula ; pernicious, the attrib- 
ute, denoting a quality belonging to the subject. 

C — John is a studious scholar. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — ' ' 

Subject, — " 

Predicate, — is scholar, — it is that which is affirmed of the sub- 
ject, John. Parts: — Is, the copula; scholar, the 
attribute, denoting what the subject is. 

He might be respected. The captive is to be released. The city 
of Mexico is beautifully situated. To deceive children is very 
wrong. The procession moved up Broadway. Misfortunes sad- 
den the heart. What did you buy in the village ? The moun- 
tains lift their heads above the clouds. Scott, the novelist, was 
industrious. There is sin in the world. The young spendthrift 
was born rich. Be faithful to the confidence reposed in you. Are 
their hopes vain ? The King might have been crowned Emperor. 
Is health desirable. His brother remains chief clerk. Is that 
horse a Canadian pony ? 



CHAPTER IV. 

ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES — CONTINUED. 
THE OBJECT. 

17. The Objective Element of a transitive sentence (51) 
is a substantive upon which the action asserted in the 
predicate terminates ; as, — John studies grammar. John 



10 SENTENCES, 

loves to study grammar. I know that John studies gram- 
mar. 

a In the first sentence the word, grammar, is the object 
of the predicate, loves. In the second, the phrase, to 
study grammar, is the object of the predicate, loves. In 
the third, the clause, that John studies grammar, is the 
object of the predicate, know. Hence, they are objective 
elements. 

18. Some sentences contain double objects : — Primary 
and Secondary. They usually follow the verbs, call, 
choose, appoint, assure, elect, dub, create, constitute, 
proclaim, make, and name ; as, — They chose John Secre- 
tary. They made William a mason. 

a. John and William are primary, and secretary and 
mason are secondary objects. 

b. The secondary object may be a clause ; as, he assured 
us that Charles ivas in the city. 

19. Give the Office and Principal Elements of the fol- 
lowing sentences : 

MODELS. 

A.— The Greeks took Troy. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Subject, — ' " 

Predicate, — " 

Object, — The word, — Troy, — it is that upon which the action 

asserted in the predicate terminates T denoting what the 

Greeks took. 

B. — John loves to study grammar. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Subject, — " 

Predicate, — " 

Object, — The phrase, — to study grammar, — it is that upon which 
the action asserted in the predicate terminates, de- 
noting what John tores. 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 11 



C — I know that John studies grammar. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Subject, — " 

Predicate, — " 

Object, — the clause, — that John studies grammar, — it is that 
upon which the action asserted in the predicate ter- 
minates, denoting what I know. 

D. — The association made Thomas a member. 

A Sentence, — Why? 

Declarative, — " 

Subject, — " 

Predicate, — " 

Object, — the words, — Thomas and member, — a double object, 
upon which the action asserted in the predicate termi- 
nates. Primary, Thomas ; Secondary, member, denot- 
ing whom,, and what the association made. 

Barbarians have defaced the monument. We want to visit 
our friends. Relinquish every unjust claim. Whom did you 
see ? They appointed him manager. You know that you should 
relinquish every unjust claim. They crowned him king. Should 
not the boatman have thrown the line ? I doubted his having 
been a soldier. Alexander concealed his opinion. We thought 
him the culprit. But Brutus says he was ambitious. They voted 
it a nuisance. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE SUBORDINATE ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES. 

20. The Subordinate Elements of a sentence are words, 
phrases and clauses, used to limit or modify the mean- 
ing of other elements. They are distinguished as 
Adjective and Adverbial. 

21. Adjective Elements are used to modify substantives 
; by numbering, limiting, specifying, describing, or denot- 
ing a quality belonging to them ; as, — The punctual schol- 

lars of this school, that study diligently y succeed well. 
• a. The words the, and punctual, the phrase of this 



12 SENTENCES. 

school, and the clause, that study diligently, are adjective 
elements used to modify the noun scholars. 

b. Adjective elements are of five kinds : 1st, adjec- 
tives ; 2d, nouns and pronouns in apposition ; 3d, nouns 
and pronouns in the possessive case ; 4th, phrases ; 5th, 

clauses. 

22. Adverbial Elements are used to modify verbs, adjec- 
tives and adverbs, by denoting order, direction, place, 
time, manner, degree, cause, condition, quantity, limit 
comparison, affirmation, negative, and interrogation ; as 
scholars improve rapidly in their studies, when they are 
diligent. 

a. The word, rapidly, the phrase, in their studies, and 
the clause, when they are diligent, are adverbial elements, 
used to modify the verb improve, by denoting manner, 
place and time. 

b. Adverbial elements are of three kinds : 1st, adverbs ; 
2d, phrases ; 3d, clauses. 

23. Subordinate elements are divided, according to 
structure, into three classes : 

1. — Simple. 

2. — Complex. 

3. — Compound. 

24. A Simple Subordinate Element is a single word , 
phrase, or clause, used as a modifier ; as, John improve s 
rapidly in his studies when he is industrious. 

a. The word, rapidly, the phrase, in his studies, and 
the clause, when he is industrious, is each a simple ad- 
verbial element, modifying the verb improve s. 

25. A Complex Subordinate Element is composed of 
direct and indirect modifiers, of which the direct modi- 
fier forms the basis of fcha elernsat. It may be, 1st, — A 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 13 

ord with its modifiers ; as, — John saw a bird flying 
over the house. 

2d. — It may be a complex phrase ; (76) as, — We ask 

blessings in the name of the great Mediator. 

I 3d. — It may be an auxiliary clause, (45) some element 

of which is modified by another dependent clause ; as, — 

John is a scholar that always studies, when he attends 

\ school. 

a. Flying over the house is a complex adjective modifier 
of the noun bird, of which the word, flying, is the direct 
modifier or basis, modified by the phrase over the house, 
a simple adverbial element, denoting direction. 

b. In the name of the great Mediator is a complex ad- 
verbial modifier of the verb ask, denoting how we ask 
blessings. The phrase, in the name, is the direct modi- 
fier or basis, modified by the phrase, of the great Media- 
tor, a simple adjective modifier, denoting what name. 

c. That always studies when he attends school is a com- 
plex adjective modifier of the noun boy, of which the 
clause, — That always studies, is the direct modifier or 
basis, modified by the clause, when he attends school, a 

i simple adverbial element, denoting the time when the 
boy studies. 

26. A Compound Subordinate Element consists of two 
or more words, phrases, or sentences, independent of 
each other, but united by a conjunction expressed or 
understood; as, — The diligent and patient scholar will 
succeed. Her desire to hear, to see, and to be seen, was 
gratified. The youth who is industrious, and who avoids 
evil habits, will attain eminence. 

a. In the first example two distinct qualities are re- 
quired to describe the noun scholar ; in the second, three 
infinitives are used to denote the kind of desire : in the 



14 SENTENCES. 

third, two clauses are required to describe the boy, and 
although in each example they attribute distinct and 
independent qualities, being taken together, they are 
compound. 

ATTENDANT ELEMENTS. 

27. Attendant Elements are words that do not enter 
into the grammatical construction of the sentences to 
which they belong, bu"j are used : — 

1st.— To denote the name of the person addressed; 
as,— John, bring me a book. This class includes all 
nouns and pronouns in the independent case. 

2d.— To denote emotion ; as,— Oh, what folly ! This 
class includes interjections and broken exclamations. 

3d.— To change the position of the principal elements ; 
as, — There are boys in this room. 

4th.— For the sake of emphasis ; as,— the man himself 
could not do it. Both Jane and Susan went to the city. 

5th.— To preserve the rythm in poetry ; as,— His teeth 
they chatter, chatter still. 

28. Give the Office and Elements of the following 
sentences : 

MODELS. 

A. — A virtuous man loves good men. 
A Sentence, — Why ? 
Declarative, — ' ' 

Prin. El em. 
Subject, — The word man,— it is the basis of the proposition. 
Predicate,— Studies, — it affirms an act of the subject, man. 
Object,— The word men,— it is that upon which the action assert- 
ed in the predicate terminates, denoting whom men love. 
Sub. Mem. 

A and Virtuous,— Simple adjective modifiers of the subject; the 
first denoting what man, and the second, the 
kind of man. 
Good,— Simple adjective modifier of the object, denoting the 
kind of men. 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 15 

B.— The savages of North America devote much time to hunt- 
ing. 

A Sentence, — "Why ? 
Declarative, — " 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject,— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 
Object, — " 

Sub. Mem. 
The, and the phrase, of 

North America,— Simple adjective modifiers of the subject, 
denoting what savages. 
Much,— Simple adjective modifier of the object, denoting the 

quantity of time. 
To hunting Beaver, — Simple adverbial modifier of the predicate, 

denoting the manner of devoting time. 
C. — The scholar that studies will improve. 
A Sentence, — "Why ? 
Declarative, — " 

Prin. Mem. 
Subject, — The word scholar — why ? 
Predicate, — The words ivill improve, — why ? 

Sub. Mem. 
The, and that studies, — Simple adjective modifiers of the subject; 

the first denoting what, and the second, 

the kind, of scholar. 
D. — George, returning from school, lost his grammar. 
A Sentence, — Why? 
Declarative, — " 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject,— Why ? 

Predicate, — " 

Object, — 

Sub. Mem. 

Returning from school,— Complex, adjective modifiers, used to 

describe the subject. Eeturning is the 
basis, modified by the phrase, from 
school; a simple adverbial modifier, 
denoting direction. 

His, — Simple adjective modifier of the object, denoting whose 
grammar. 

i?.— George, be obedient to the commands of your parents. 
A Sentence, — Why ? 
Imperative " 



16 SENTENCES. 



Prin. Mem. 

Subject, — The word you, understood, — why ? 
Predicate, — Be obedient, " 16, B. 

Sub. Mem. 

To the commands of 

your parents,— Complex adverbial modifier of the attribute, 
denoting manner. Basis, — To the commands, 
modified by the phrase, of your parents, de- 
noting whose commands. 

Attend. Mem. 
George, — Denoting the person addressed. 

F. — John is a scholar who studies, when he attends school. 
A Sentence, — Why ? 
Declarative, — • ' ' 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject,— Why ? 

Predicate, — " 

Sub. Mem. 

Who studies when he 

attends school, — Complex adjective modifier of the attribute, 
denoting the kind of scholar. Basis, — who 
studies, modified by the clause, when he 
attends school, a simple adverbial modifier, 
denoting time. 

G. — Will the diligent and faithful scholar improve ? 
A Sentence, — Why ? 
Interrogative, — " 

Prin. Mem. 
Subject,— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 

■Sub. Mem. 

The, — Simple adjective modifier of the subject, denoting what 

scholar. 
Diligent and faithful, — Compound adjective modifier of the 

subject, taken together to denote the 

kind of scholar. 

H. — Her desire to hear, to see, and to be seen, was gratified. 
A Sentence, — Why ? 
Declarative, — " 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject,— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 






CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 17 

Sub. Elem. 

Her, — Simple adjective modifier of the subject, denoting whose 

desire. 
To hear, to see, 

and to be seen,— Compound adjective modifier of the subject, 
taken together to denote the kind of desire. 

/. — The boy who is industrious, and who avoids evil habits, will 
attain eminence. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 



Prin. Elem. 



Predicate, 



Declarative, 

Subject,— Wh 

Predie 

Object, 

Sub. Elem. 
The— Why ? 28, G. 
Who is industrious, and 
who avoids evil habits. — Compound adjective modifier of the 

subject, taken together to denote the 
kind of boy who will attain eminence. 

There is a stranger at the front door. Man is fearfully and 
wonderfully made. Luther, the German reformer, was a monk 
of the order of St. Augustine. A king, ruling with prudence, 
may be popular. A man who is industrious will prosper. Many 
fortunes have been gained by speculation. The landlord, bluster- 
ing pompously, entered the room. The gentleman lives in the 
State of Ohio. God, "by whose kindness we live, and whom we 
worship, and who created all things, is eternal. The line of the 
lot extends to the water's edge. He has been afflicted with in- 
tense pain in his side. George is a good, faithful and generous 
boy. The young man was unworthy of the gentle lady's gift. I 
have often seen the gentleman walking in his garden. You may 
share the apples with the rest of the children. Every scholar 
should endeavor to study diligently, and to recite correctly. Sub- 
sequent voyages were made. The Indians, having retreated to 
woods, awaited our approach. He will be in New York during 
the month of September. The person who plants trees loves 
posterity. John the Baptist was the harbinger of Christ. A boy 
who studies when he is in school will improve. Paul, the Apostle 
to the Gentiles, was a native of Tarsus. This is the man whom 
we met as we went to the city. Moses, the Jewish law -giver, 
was a meek man. This is the dog that bit the cat, that caught 
the rat, that ate the malt, that lay in the house that Jack built. 
Consider the ways of the ant, O, sluggard. The boy was injured 
by the indulgence of his parents. Henry came to the city to 
engage in some business. Bonaparte, the dethroned Emperor, 



i 8 SENTENCES. 



died in exile. Boys are prone to anticipate pleasure. Charles, 
will you lend me your knife ? "William, did you call James a 
dunce.? Our tutor has been appointed a professor in the univer- 
sity. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THT SUBDIVISION OF SENTENCES. 

29 Sentences are subdivided into classes : 1st, — Ac- 
cording to their structure; 2d.— according to their rela- 
tion to each other : 3d, — according to the class of verbs 
which forms their predicates. 

FIRST SUBDIVISION. 

30. Sentences are subdivided, according to structure. 
into three classes : 

1. — Simple. 
2. — Complex. 
3. — Compound. 

31. A Simple Sentence contains but one proposition, 
and has but one subject, one predicate, and (if transi- 
tive,) one objective element ; as,— The boys study gram- 
mar. The rain falls upon the grass. 

a. The subject and object of a simple sentence are 
either nouns or pronouns. The predicate is a verb, or a 
verb and an adjective, or noun. 

b. Sentences, in which the principal elements are com- 
posed in whole, or in part, of phrases, or clauses, are 
regarded as complex. 

COMPLEX SENTENCES. 

32. There are eight forms of complex sentences, aris- 
ing from the various modes of constructing their princi- 
pal elements : 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 19 

1st. — A Complex Sentence may contain two or more 
subjects ; as, — John and James study grammar. 

a. The subject in this sentence being complex, the sen- 
tence, therefore, is complex. 

33. 2d, — A Complex Sentence may contain two or 
more predicates ; as,— John studies and recites grammar. 

a. The predicate being complex, the sentence is, there- 
fore, complex. 

3.4. 3d, — A Complex Sentence may contain two or 
more objects of one or more predicates ; as, — John studies 
grammar and arithmetic. 

a. The object being complex, the sentence is, therefore, 
complex. 

b. All of the principal elements of a complex sentence 
may be complex ; as, — John and James study and recite 
grammar and arithmetic. 

35. 4th, — A Complex Sentence may contain a predi- 
cate formed by connecting two or more attributes to the 
subject by one copula ; as, — Henry was careless, thought- 
less, and inattentive. Charles is an industrious boy and 
good scholar. 

a. In the first example, the attributes, careless, thought- 
less and inattentive, with the copula, was, form the pre- 
dicate. In the second example the attributes, boy and 
scholar, with the copula, is, form the predicate. The 
predicates being thus complex, the sentences are com- 
plex. 

36. 5th, — A Complex Sentence may contain a phrase 
for its subject or object, or as an attribute, to form the 
predicate; as, — To prepare for recitation is the duty of 
every scholar. The scholar should love to prepare for 
recitation. The scholar is to prepare for recitation. 



20 , SENTENCES. 

a. In the first sentence the phrase, to prepare for reci- 
tation, is the subject ; in the second, it is the object ; m 
the third, with the copula, is, it forms the predicate. 
The sentences are, therefore, complex. 

b. The Subject Infinitive is sometimes placed after the 
predicate. In such cases it is represented by the pro- 
noun, it; as, — It is pleasant to visit our friends. That 
is,— To visit our friends is pleasant. 

When the subject is restored to its position, the pro- 
noun disappears from the sentence. It is, therefore, 
merely an attendant element. See sec. 27, 3d. 

37. 6th, — A Complex Sentence may have a participial 
noun, with its modifiers, for a subject, object, or in the pre- 
dicate ; as, — The plowing of the wicked is sin. 

a. In this example, it is not simply plowing that is sin, 
but the complex substantive idea expressed by the par- 
ticiple and its modifiers. The sentence is, therefore, 
complex. 

38. 7th, — A Complex Sentence may contain a noun or 
pronoun in the objective case, followed by an infinitive, 
depending upon it ; as, — I believe him to bean honest 
man. He commanded the horse to be saddled. 

a. The pronoun him and the noun horse are not ojects 
alone, neither are the infinitives following them ; but 
both are required to express the substantive idea. Hence, 
the sentences are complex. 

b. The noun or pronoun, with its infinitives, in all 
such constructions, is equivalent to an objective clause ; 
as, — I believe that he is an honest man. He commanded 
that the horse should be saddled. See sec. 39. 

39. 8th, — A Complex Sentence may contain an auxili- 
ary clause (45) as its subject or object \ or. as an attribute, 
in the predicate; as, — That the scholar should prepare 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 21 

for recitation, is evident. You know, that the scholar 
should prepare for recitation. My desire is, that the schol- 
ars should prepare for recitation. 

a. In these examples the clause in italics is used in 
the relation of subject, object and attribute. The sen- 
tences are, therefore, complex. 

40. A Compound Sentence contains two or more entire 
propositions, either simple or complex, connected by 
conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, or relative pronouns ; 
as, — John and James will improve if they study dili- 
gently. John and James will improve when they study 
diligently. John is a boy who studies diligently. 

a. Every member of a complex or compound sentence, 
containing a subject and predicate, is called a clause. 

b. Some sentence scontain eliptical clauses, the omitted 
words of which must be restored before they can be 
analyzed ; as, — He lost his health, a result to be deplored- 
That is, — Which was a result to be deplored. 

41. Give the Office, Structure and Principal Elements 
of the following sentences : 

MODELS. 

A, — Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were Jewish patriarchs. 

A Sentence, — "Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Complex, — It contains three subjects. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject, — The words, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, they form the 

basis of the proposition. 
Predicate,— Why ? 16, C. 

B. — The wild birds shrieked, and fluttered on the ground. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Complex, — It contains two predicates. 33. 



22 SENTENCES. 

Prin. Mem. 
Subject, — Why ? 

Predicate, — The words shrieked and fluttered, denoting the acts 
which the subject performed. 

C. — Peter was industrious, frugal and intelligent. 

A Sentence, — "Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Complex, — It contains three attributes. 35. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject,— Why ? 

Predicate, — The words, is industrious, frugal and intelligent. 
Parts : Is, the copula ; industrious, frugal, intelligent, 
the attributes, denoting qualities attributed to the 
subject, Peter. 

D. — To be contented is to be happy. 

A Sentence, — Why? 

Declarative, — l ' 

Complex,— It contains a complex subject and predicate. 36. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject, — The phrase, to be contented, it forms the basis of the 

proposition. 
Predicate, — The word, is, and the phrase, to be happy. Parts : 
Is, the copula, and to be happy, the attribute, denot- 
ing what to be contented is. 

E. — Do you believe him to be an honest man ? 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Interrogative, — " 

Complex, — It contains a complex object. 38. 

Prin. Mem. 
Subject,— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 

Object, — The word him, with its dependent infinitive, to be an 
honest man, denoting what you believe. 38, a. b. 

F. — That scholars should prepare for recitation, is evident. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Complex, — It contains a complex subject. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject, — The clause, that scholars should prepare for recitation, 
it forms the basis of the proposition, denoting what is 
evident. 39. 

Predicate, — Why ? 

G. — I think that James is an industrious boy. 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 23 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Complex, — It contains a complex object. 

Prin. "Mem. 

Subject,— Why? 

Predicate, — " 

Object, — The clause, that James is an industrious boy, denoting 

what I believe. 39. 
H. — John and James will improve when they study diligently. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 
Declarative, — " 

Compound, — It contains two entire clauses united by the con- 
junctive adverb when. 40. 

Bring the book to me. His advice, that we should remain till 
autumn, was not regarded. To err is human. Have you been 
studious to-day ? This life is but a vapor, and eternity is our 
home. For you to cheat your schoolfellows is very disgraceful. 
The persons who had been invited came. The streets are wide. 
To deceive children is easy. The flowers that bloomed have faded. 
The gentleman's sons are to be educated. That distinguished 
statesman was not born a lord. They repaired to a thick grove, 
that they might find shelter. Father of mercy ! forbid it ! Wor- 
ship the Lord, our Maker, for he is our God. Diligence, industry, 
and a proper improvement of time are duties of the young. We 
know that we must die. William learns to read very rapidly. 
Law and order are forgotten. W^hen the storm ceased he return- 
ed. Violence and rapine are abroad. He came, because he was 
invited. Liberty and union promote peace and safety. We have 
heard of ghosts, but have not seen them. We expect him to re- 
turn soon. That he will return soon is to be expected. I expect 
that he will return soon. The wonder is, that he should succeed 
at all. Difficulties surrounded and discouraged them. Why it 
should be so, is not explained. The waves swell and foam, and 
dash upon the rocks. God commands us to repent. He is a poet, 
philosopher, and statesman. We naturally desire evil to be re- 
moved. Man lives and dies. He confesses that he is guilty. 



CHAPTEE VII. 

SECOND SUBDIVISION OF SENTENCES. 

42. Sentences are subdivided, according to their rela- 



24 SENTENCES. 

tion to each other, into three classes : 

1. — Independent. 

2. — Dependent. 

3. — Auxiliary. 
43. An Independent Sentence is either a single proposi- 
tion, or it is the leading clause in a compound sentence ; 
as, — John studies grammar. John will learn gramma?' if 
he studies diligently. 

a. The first sentence is independent, because it is a 
single proposition. The first clause of the second sen- 
tence is independent, because it is the leading, or prin- 
cipal proposition, making complete sense without the 
subordinate clause. 

b. Compound Sentences may consist of two or more 
Independent clauses ; as, — John goes to school, Thomas 
attends to the mill, and George works on the farm. 
Each of these clauses asserts an independent proposi- 
tion. They are united only to continue the discourse. 

14. A Dependent Sentence is a subordinate proposition, 
used to continue a discourse, and depending upon a 
leading clause for its meaning ; but not used as an ele- 
ment in its construction or direct modification ; as, — The 
young lady is very hacdsome, and she has the misfortune 
to know it. 

25. An Auxiliary Sentence is a subordinate proposition 
used as an element in the construction of a complex or 
compound sentence, in the relation of a Substantive, 
Adjective, or Adverbial element. Auxiliary sentences 
are, therefore, distinguished as : 

1.— Substantive. 
2. — Adjective. 
3. — Adverbial. 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 25 

46. An Auxiliary Sentence is a Substantive element 
when it is used either as the subject or object, or with the 
copula, to form the predicate of a complex proposition ; 
as, — That some scholars are too fond of play, is manifest. 
You know that some scholars are too fond of play. The 
truth is, that some scholars are too fond of play. 

a. In each of these examples, the clause, — That some 
scholars are too fond of play, is used in the relation of a 
substantive. In the first it is the subject ; in the second, 
the object; and in the third, the attribute of the proposi- 
tion. 

47. An Auxiliary Sentence is an Adjective element, 
when it is used in the construction of a compound pro- 
position to modify a substantive ; as, — The scholars that 
study will improve. 

a. The clause, that study, specifies the scholars who 
will improve ; hence it is an adjective element. 

48. An Auxiliary Sentence is an Adverbial element 
when used in the construction of a compound sentence 
to modify a verb, adjective, or an adverb ; as, — Scholars 
will improve when they are diligent. 

a. The auxiliary clause, when they are diligent, modi- 
fies the verb will improve, by denoting time ; hence, it is 
an adverbial element. 

49. Give the Office, Structure, Eelation, and Principal 
Elements of the following sentences : 

models: 

A. — Do you improve in your studies ? 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Interrogative, — " 

Independent, — It is a single proposition. 43. 



26 SENTENCES. 

Prin. Ele?n, 
Subject— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 

B. — Julia made a mistake in her analysis, but she did not ob- 
serve it. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Compound, — It contains two clauses, united by the conjunction 
but 

1st. Clause, — Julia made a mistake in her analysis. 

Independent, — It is the leading clause in the proposition. 43. 

Prin. Elem. 

Subject,— Why ? 

Predicate, — " 

Object,— " 

2d. Cla2ise,—She did not observe it. 

Dependent, — It is a subordinate proposition, not used as a modi- 
fier. 44. 

Prin. Elem. 

Subject,— "Why ? 
Predicate, — u 
Object,— " 

C. — Go not where sin entices. 
A Sentence, — Why ? 
Imperative, — " 

Compound, — It contains two clauses, united by the conjunctive 
adverb where. 

1st. Clause, — (Thou) go not. 

Independent, — It is the leading clause in the proposition. 43. 

Prin. Elem. 

Subject,— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 

2d. Clause, — Where sin entices. 

Auxiliary, — It is a subordinate proposition, used as a modi- 
fier. 45. 

Prin. Elem. 
Subject,— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 

D.— Beauty and wealth, which are so greatly coveted, are sel- 
dom possessed. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 
Declarative, — " 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 27 

Compound,— It contains two clauses, united by the relative. 

ivhich. 
1st. Clause, — Beauty and wealth are seldom possessed. 
Complex, — It contains two subjects. 
Independent, — "Why ? 

Prin. Mem. 
Subject 1— Why? 
Predicate, — " 
2d. Clause, — which are so greatly coveted. 

Simple, — Why ? 

Auxiliary, — It is a subordinate, proposition, used as a modifier. 

Prin. Mem. 
Subject,— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 
D. — That retribution must follow crime, is certain. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — ' ' 

Complex, — It contains an auxiliary clause for its subject. 39. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject, — The clause, that retribution must follow crime, it is 
the basis of the entire proposition. 11. 

Predicate, — Why ? 

Auxiliary Clause, — That retribution must follow, etc., it is used 
as an element to form a complex proposi- 
tion. 45. 

Declarative, — Why ? 

Simple, — " 

Substantive, — It is used in the relation of subject. 46. 

Prin. Mem. 
Subject,— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 
Object,— " 

Is there any other doctrine whose followers are so punished ? 
Do not flatter yourself with the hope of perfect happiness. There 
is no such thing in the world. We do not know who are nomi- 
nated for the assembly. By such apologies, shall man insult his 
Creator ; and shall he hope to flatter the ear of Omnipotence ? 
Was it thy dog or thou, that opened the door ? Has Mercury 
struck thee with his enfeebling rod ; or art thou ashamed to be- 
tray thy awkwardness? When he awoke in the morning he 
could not tell where he was, until he recognized the servants. 
Oh, it was impious; it was unmanly ; it was poor and pitiful! 
We respect his opinions, as he is a wise and prudent man. Did 
you recite your lesson as well as he did ? I wished to go, but he 



28 SENTENCES. 



would not permit me. He is remarkable for his diligence and 
attention. The earth is dark, but the heavens are bright. Unless 
it rains soon, the flowers will wither. She is fine. The time has 
gone by, and you did not improve it. I cannot trust you, for 
you have deceived me. Such are the politicians against whom 
we declaim. The lady, whose portrait you admired so much, is 
herself at my house. A certain lad, whose father is a man of dis- 
tinction, has been arrested for arson. Children should both rev- 
erence and obey their parents. You will remember the transac- 
tion unless your memory is very treacherous. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

THIRD SUBDIVISION OF SENTENCES. 

50. Sentences are subdivided, according to the class 
of verbs forming their predicates, into three classes : 

1. — Transitive. 
2. — Intransitive. 
3. — Mixed. 

51. A Transitive Sentence is one in which the action 
asserted in the predicate terminates on an object, or 
objects ; as, — John recites grammar. John recites gram- 
mar and arithmetic. I know, that John recites grammar 
and arithmetic, 

a. In the first example, the action asserted in the pre- 
dicate, recites, terminates on the object, grammar ; in the 
second, on the objects, grammar and arithmetic; in the 
third, the action asserted in the predicate, knoiv, termi- 
nates on the clause, that John studies grammar and arith- 
metic. Hence, the sentences are transitive. 

52. An Intransitive Sentence is one in which the pre- 
dicate is an intransitive verb, or the passive form of a 
transitive verb, and, consequently, has no objective ele- 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 29 

ment ; as, — Flowers grow in the gardens. The flowers 
are seen in the gardens. 

53. A Mixed Sentence is one which contains one or 
more transitive, and one or more intransitive predicates • 
as, — Some lay down and hid their eyes and wept. 

a. The predicates, lay, and wept, are intransitive, and 
the predicate, hid, is transitive. Hence, the sentence is 
mixed. 

54. Give the Office, Structure, Eelation, Verbal Class, 
and the Principal Elements of the following sentences : 

MODELS. 

A. — Does John recite very carelessly ? 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Interrogative, — " 

Simple, — " 

Independent, — " 

Intransitive, — It has no objective element, 52. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 

B. — John recites grammar very carelessly. 

A Sentence, — Why ? 

Declarative, — " 

Simple, — u 

Independent, — " 

Transitive, — It contains an objective element. 51. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject,— Why! 



Predicate, — " 










Object,— " 










C. — We wish for change, 


and spend our 


lives for 


nought 




A Sentence, — Why ? 










Declarative, — " 










Complex, — " 










Independent, — u 










Mixed, — It contains one 


transitive and 


one intransitive 


predi- 


cate. 53. 











30 PHRASES. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject,— Why ? 
Predicate, — " 
Object,— " 

William goes to school and pursues his studies with zeal. The 
studious pupil seldom fails in his recitations. A desire for im- 
provement should possess all our hearts. For spring shall re- 
turn, and a lover bestow. William loves his study and his play 
with equal attachment. We shall pass from earth, and yield our 
homes to others. For misery stole me at my birth, and cast me 
helpless on the wild. Hope, like a cordial, innocent though 
strong, man's heart inspirits and serenes. A temper, passionate 
and fierce, may suddenly your joys disperse. The profoundest 
depths of man's intellect can be fathomed. A stream of flame 
and smoke issued from the chimney. Who shall tempt, with 
wandering feet, the dark, unfathomed, infinite abyss. But the 
black blast blows hard, and puffs them wide of hope. Hill and 
valley echo back their songs. Their names, their years, spelled 
by the unlettered muse, the place of fame and elegy supply. The 
man exclaims, see all things for my use. Much learning shows 
how little mortals know. He has betrayed the confidence of his 
friends. Application to study secures excellence in scholarship. 



CHAPTEK IX. 



THE DIVISION OF PHRASES. 



55. A Phrase is an assemblage of words which does 
not form a proposition, but is taken to express a con- 
nected idea in the construction of a sentence, either in 
the relation of a Substantive, and Adjective, or an Ad- 
verbial element. Phrases are therefore divided, accord- 
ing to their office, into three classes : 

1. — Substantive. 

2. — Adjective. 

3. — Adverbial. 
a. The term phrase may be applied to any word, with 
its modifiers. But in this work, it is only used to denote 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 31 

such phrases as are composed of distinct elements, simi- 
lar in their offices to the constituents of sentences. 

56. A Substantive Phrase is used either as a Subject, 
an Objective element, or, with the copula, to form the 
Predicate of a proposition; as. — To become a scholar is 
William's earnest desire. William desires to become a 
scholar. William's desire is to become a scholar. 

a. In the first example, the phrase, to become a scholar. . 
is the subject ; in the second, it is the object ; in the third, 
it is the attribute of the proposition. 

57. An Adjective Phrase is used with the copula to 
form the predicate of a proposition ; or as a subordinate 
element, to modify a substantive ; as, — George is to be 
educated. The dew of the morning has passed away. 

a. In the first example, the phrase, to be educated, with 
• the copula, is, forms the predicate, and is used as an ad- 
( jective attribute, to describe the subject, George. In the 

second example, the phrase, of the morning, describes 
dew; — hence adjective. 

b. When a phrase in the predicate denotes a quality, it 
is adjective. When it denotes what the subject is, it is 
substantive. 

58. An Adverbial Phrase is used as a subordinate ele- 
ment to modify a Yerb, an Adjective or an Adverb ; as, 
James went to the city. Labor is necessary to develop 
the mental and physical energies. 

a. The first phrase denotes where James went; the 
second, why labor is necessary ; hence they are adverbial. 

59. In the following sentences, name the Phrases, and 
give their office : 

models: 

As — Turning a grindstone is uninteresting employment. 



32 PHRASES. 

Turning a grindstone. 

A Phrase, — An assemblage of words that does not form a pro- 
position. 55. 

Substantive, — It is used as the subject of a proposition. 56. 

B. — The money of this Bank is worthless. 

Of this Bank. 

A Phrase,— Why! 

Adjective, — It is used to describe the noun, money, by denoting 
what money is worthless. 21, 57. 

C. — Eain falls from the clouds. 

From the clouds. 

A Phrase,— Why? 

Adverbial, — It is used to modify the verb, falls, by denoting 
place or direction. 22, 58. 

George is to be released. The pupils ought to have come ear- 
lier. To do good to others is the duty of all men. John's being 
an idler prevented his being a scholar. He hopes to be elected 
Governor. My friend has met with success in several specula- 
tions. The traveler rewarded him for watering his horse. Deliver 
me out of the mire, and let me not sink. The teacher at length 
induced his pupils to submit, and to attend to their duties. Being 
a correct writer, he did not fear the critics. The child was com- 
pelled to submit to his teacher. Being very poor, he gained a 
livelihood by daily labor. To ride on horseback is sometimes very 
pleasant. Then Peter began to rebuke him. The eagle soared 
amidst the clouds. We left the club discussing the question. His 
hand will be against every man. The Mayor of the city resides 
in this house. After supper he took the cup. The hounds have 
gone out of sight. 



CHAPTEK X. 



THE ELEMENTS OF PHRASES. 



60. The parts which enter into the construction of a 
Phrase are called its Elements ; and, like the elements 
of sentences, they are distinguished as Principal and 
Subordinate. 

PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS. 

61. The Principal Elements of a phrase are those 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 33 

which are necessary to its construction, of which two 
are indispensable ;— the leader, and at least one of the 
other three. 

62. The Principal Elements are : 

1. — The Leader. 
2. — " Subsequent. 
3. — " Object. 
4. — " Attribute. 

63. The Leader of a Phrase is the word by which it 
is introduced, and when the phrase is used as a modifier 
the leader connects it with the word which it modifies ■ 
as,— Clothe your ideas in appropriate language. 

a. In is the leader, and connects the phrase to the 
verb, clothe, which it modifies. 

64. The Subsequent of a Phrase is that which follows 
the leader as its object of relation. It may be a word, a 
phrase, or a clause; as,— Charles wishes to leave the city. 
I have doubts of his having been a soldier. Cries of 
" You live forever' rend the air. 

a. In the first example, to is the leader, and the word 
leave the subsequent ; in the second, of is the leader, and 
the phrase, his having been a soldier, the subsequent ; in 
the third, of is the leader, and the clause, you live for- 
ever, the subsequent. 

b. The subsequent of a phrase is either a verb or a 
substantive. 

65. The Objective Element of a Phrase is a substantive, 
upon which an action asserted in the leader or subse- 
quent terminates ; as, — Thomas makes money by selling 
books. A youth, avoiding evil associates, may escape 
vice. 

a. In the phrase, by selling books, by is the leader, sell- 
ing is the subsequent, and books is the object of the action 



u 



PHRASES. 



expressed in the subsequent. In the phrase, avoiding evil 
associates, avoiding is the leader, and associates is the 
object of the action expressed in the leader. 

66. The Attribute of a Phrase is an adjective or a sub- 
stantive, directly or indirectly connected, by the leader 
or subsequent as a copula, with the word which it modi- 
fies; as,— Charles, having been industrious, passed a good 
examination. Charles, having been an industrious scholar, 
passed a good examination. 

a. In the first example, the leader, having been, con- 
nects the attribute, industrious, with the noun, Charles. 
In the second example, the leader connects the attribute, 
scholar, to the noun Charles. 

SUBORDINATE ELEMENTS. 

67. The Principal Elements of a phrase admit of the 
same modifications to which the principal elements of a 
sentence are subject. The Subordinate Elements of a 
phrase, therefore, are Adjective and Adverbial; and, like 
those of a sentence, they may be words, phrases or 

clauses. 

68. Give the Office and Elements of the Phrases in the 
following sentences : 

models: 

Charles, having mortgaged his estate, engaged in uncertain 
speculations. 

A. — Having mortgaged his estate. 
A Phrase,— Why ? 55. 
Adjective, — " 57. 

Prin. Mem. 

Leader,— Raving mortgaged, it introduces the phrase. 63. 
Object, — Estate, — it is the word upon which the action express- 
ed in the leader terminates. 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 35 

Sub. Elem. 

His, — A simple adjective modifier of the object, denoting whose 

estate. 67, 24, 21. 
B. — In uncertain speculations. 
A Phrase,— Why? 
Adverbial, — " 58. 

Prin. Elem. 

Leader, — In, — it introduces the phrase. 

Subsequent, — Speculations, — it follows the leader as its object ot 
relation. 64. 

Sub. Mem. 

Uncertain, — A simple adjective modifier, denoting what kind of 
speculations. 21. 

To be always studious, makes good scholars. 
0. — To be always studious. 
A Phrase,— "Why? 
Substantive, — " 56. 

Prin. Elem. 

Leader, ■■ — To, — why ? 

Subsequent, — Be, — why ? 64. 

Attribute, — Studious, — it denotes a quality attributed to the per- 
sons referred to, (who will make good scholars,) 
denoting the kind of persons. 66. 

Sub.- Elem. 

Always, — A simple adverbial modifier of the attribute, denoting 
when the persons referred to are to be studious. 67, 
24, 22. 

Being rich is no reason for being impudent. We divide the 
subject into five parts and ten chapters. An honest man is con- 
scious of being just. The boys were punished for robbing a bird's 
nest. The young man determined to acquire knowledge, and to 
become a useful man. My brother is delighted with wandering 
in the fields. His being chosen a Judge, was surprising. We saw 
some persons catching fish. We may expect afflictions during 
our earthly pilgrimage. I speak concerning virtue. You are 
come unto Mount Sion. This occupation is suited to his taste. 
We sat together beside a purling stream. The proposition was 
made at our first interview. We gain knowledge of material 
things through the senses. The father encouraged his sons to be 
industrious. The soldier is known to have been slain. The youth 
has come to work, and not to play. 



36 PHRASES. 



CHAPTER XI. 

SUBDIVISION OF PHRASES. 

69. Phrases are subdivided into classes, according to 
structure, form, and (when the}^ contain verbs.) the verbal 
class of their subsequents. 

FIRST SUBDIVISION. 

70. Phrases are subdivided, according to structure, 
into three classes : 

1. — Simple. 
2.— Complex. 
3. — Compound. 

71. A Simple Phrase contains but one leader and one 
subsequent, or object ; as, — John endeavors to to leant 
his lessons. I saw a boy shooting birds. Bad workmen 
quarrel with their tools. 

a. In the first example, to is the leader, learn is the 
subsequent, and lessons is the object ; in the second, shoot- 
ing is the leader, and birds is the object; in the third, 
with is the leader, and tools is the object. 

72. There are four kinds of Complex Phrases, arising 
from different forms of structure. 

73. 1st, — A Complex Phrase may contain two or more 
Leaders to one Subsequent ; as, — The disease prevailed 
in and around the city. 

74. 2d, — A Complex Phrase may contain two or more 
subsequents or objects to one leader ; as, — The disease pre- 
vailed in the city and adjacent country. Mary spends 
her time in studying grammar and arithmetic. 

a. In the first example, in is the leader, and city and 
country are the subsequents ; in the second, in is the 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 37 

leader, studying is the subsequent, and grammar and 
arithmetic are the objects. 

75. 3d, — A Complex Phrase may contain a phrase or 
clause for its subsequent or object ; as, — The contract 
was annulled by being pronounced fraudulent. He de- 
sires to hear that his brother has returned. Our merri- 
ment was cut short by, " Gentlemen, the coach waits." 

a. In the first example, the phrase, being pronounced 
fraudulent, is the subsequent of the leader, by ; in the 
second, the clause, that his brother has returned, is the 
object of the subsequent, hear ; in the third, the clause, 
gentlemen, the coach waits, is the subsequent of the 
leader, by. 

76. 4th, — A Complex Phrase may consist of two or 
more phrases so arranged that the second modifies an 
element of the first, — the third, an element of the second, 
etc. ; as, — Charles attends school to prepare for the duties 
of active life. 

a. The first subsequent, prepare, is modified by the 
remaining part of the phrase ; and the second, duties, 
by the phrase, of active life. 

77. A Compound Phrase contains two or more simple 
or complex phrases united by a conjunction, expressed 
or understood ; as, — We should endeavor to do, and to 
say what is right. 

78. Give the office and structure of the Phrases in the 
following sentences : 

MODELS. 

A. — John went to Baltimore. 
To Baltimore. 

A Phrase,— Why? 59. A. 
Adverbial, — " 59, C. 
Simple, — It contains but one leader and one subsequent. 71. 



38 PHRASES. 

B. — His time is occupied in writing a history of his travels. 
In writing a history of his travels. 

A Phrase,-— Why ? 

Adverbial, — " 

Complex, — It contains two phrases, of which the second is a 

modifier of an element of the first. 76. 
C. — The bird flew into and around the room. 
Into and around the room. 
A Phrase,— "Why ? 
Adverbial, — " 
Complex, — It contains two leaders to one subsequent. 73. 

D. — The class makes rapid advancement in grammar and arith- 
metic. 

In grammar and arithmetic. 

A Phrase,— Why? 

Adjective, — " 53. B. 

Complex, — It contains two subsequents to one leader. 74. 

E. — We saw some boys catching salmon and trout. 
Catching salmon and trout. 

A Phrase,— Why? 

Adjective, — " 

Complex, — It contains two objects to one leader. 74. 

F. — The young man, by being idle at college, left with a poor 
education. 

By being idle at college. 

A Phrase,— Why? 

Adjective,-^ u 

Complex, — It contains the phrase, being idle at college, as the 
subsequent of the leader, by. Also, the attribute 
idle is modified by the phrase at school. 75, 76. 

G. — The mischief of the rogues was arrested by the teacher's 
saying, "Boys, prepare for recitation." 

By the teacher's saying, u Boys, prepare for recitation. 11 

A Phrase,— Why? 

Adverbial, — " 

Complex, — The subsequent, saying, has a clause for its object. 

H. — We should strive to acquire knowledge, and to communi- 
cate it. 

To acquire knowledge, and to communicate it. 

A Phrase,— Why? 
Adverbial, — " 

Compound, — It contains two simple phrases, united by the con- 
junction and. 77. 

Writing examples in imitation of correct models is an improv- 
ing exercise. They were displeased on account of his formality. 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 39 



To love God, and to do good to men, are the leading purposes of 
every Christian. Vain persons are fond of being flattered. He 
cannot make up his mind to advance, nor to retreat. The boys 
gained access to the garden without being discovered by the 
owner. The youth has come to work, and not to play. God is 
worthy to be adored by all rational beings. Benevolent persons 
visit the poor to aid them in distress, and also to condole with 
them in their bereavement. The former viciousness of the man 
caused his being suspected of this crime. The students were ad- 
monished for going so far from the academy, and for making too 
much noise. "We arrived at our place of destination without 
delay by accident. The ground is dry enough to be ploughed 
and planted. Thomas is learning to read and write. William 
goes regularly to and from school. The merchant deals in dry 
goods and groceries. Men are honored for having performed 
noble deeds for the benefit of their species. During our voyage 
we whiled away our time in reading, in writing a journal, and in 
studying navigation. We rejoice to hear the glad tidings. These 
savages live by fishing, and by hunting beaver. 



CHAPTEK XII. 

SECOND SUBDIVISION OF PHRASES. 

79. Phrases are subdivided, according to their form, 
into four classes : 

1 . — Prepositional. 
2. — Infinitive. 
3. — Participial. 
4. — Absolute. 

80. A Prepositional Phrase has a preposition for its 
leader, and a substantive for its subsequent ; as, — The 
scholars of this school are engaged in studying analysis. 

a. A participle following a preposition is used in the 
relation of a noun ; but, at the same time, it retains all 
of its properties as a verb ; hence it is called a participial 
noun. 



40 THRASES. 

81. An Infinitive Phrase has the word to for its leader, 
and a verb for its subsequent ; as, — I wish you to study. 
All men wish to be happy. 

82. A Participial Phrase has a participle for its leader, 
followed by an attribute or an object ; as, — He being dili- 
gent, progresses rapidly. Charles, having improved his 
time, made a good scholar. 

a. In the first example, being is the leader, and dili- 
gent is the attribute; in the second, having improved is 
the leader, and time is the object. 

83. An Absolute Phrase has a noun or pronoun inde- 
pendent of the rest of the sentence, for its leader or 
basis, followed by a participle depending upon it ; as, 
The hour for recitation having arrived, we commenced 
the exercises. 

a. Absolute Phrases are in all cases abridged forms of 
auxiliary clauses. In the above example, by supplying 
the elipsis it w^ould be, — We commenced our exercises 
when the hour for recitation had arrived. 

b. Infinitive Phrases are sometimes used independently ; 
as, — To confess the truth, I w T as in fault. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

THIRD SLTBDIYISION OF PHRASES. 

84. Phrases are subdivided, according to the nature of 
their Leaders or Subsequents, into three classes : 
1. — Transitive. 
2. — Intransitive. 
3.— Mixed. 






CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 41 



85. A Transitive Phrase is one in which the leader or 
subsequent is a transitive verb or participle ; as, — He, 
knowing the folly of the attempt, does not venture to try 
the effect of his voice in hushing the billows. 

a. In the first phrase, the leader, knowing, is a transi- 
tive participle ; in the second, the subsequent, try, is a 
transitive verb ; in the third, the subsequent, hushing, is 
a transitive participle. Hence the phrases are transi- 
tive. 

b. Prepositional Phrases are only transitive when 
their subsequents are participial nouns, derived from 
transitive verbs. 

86. An Intransitive Phrase is one in which the subse- 
quent is a substantive, or an intransitive verb ; as, — I 
charge you to listen to instruction. 

87. A Mixed Phrase is one having one or more tran- 
sitive and one or more intransitive subsequents ; as,— 
Their lot forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne, 
and shut the gates of mercy on mankind. 

88. Give the Office, Structure, Form, and Verbal Class 
of the following phrases : 

models: 

A. — Manhood is disgraced by the consequences of neglected 
youth. 

By the consequences of neglected youth. 

A Phrase, — "Why? 
Adverbial, — " 

Complex, — It contains two phrases, of which the second modi- 
fies an element of the first. 
Leading Phrase, — By the consequences. 
Prepositional, — It is introduced by a preposition. 63, 80. 
Intransitive, — It has a noun for its subsequent. 86. 
Subordinate Phrase, — Of neglected youth. 
Adjective, — Why ? 
Prepositional, — Why ? 
Intransitive, — " 



42 



PHRASES. 



B. — Edward has a desire to learn analysis. 

To learn analysis. 

A Phrase,— Why ? 

Adjective, — " 

Simple, — " 

Infinitive,— It has the word to for its leader, and a verb for its 
subsequent. 81. 

Transitive,— The subsequent is a transitive verb. 85. 

C — We left the club discussing the question. 

Discussing the question. 

A Phrase, — Why? 

Adjective, — " 

Simple, — " 

Participial,— It has a participle for its leader, followed bv an 

object. 82. * J 

Transitive,— The leader is a transitive participle. 
D.— The cars having arrived, we started to Columbus. 
The cars having arrived. 
A Phrase,— Why? 
Adverbial, — " 
Simple, — u 

Absolute,— It has an independent noun for its leader, followed 

by a participle depending upon it. 83. 
Intransitive, — It has no objective element. 86. 

Being good and being called good are diiferent things His 
being a citizen secured his safety. The scenes of childhood are 
miniatures in age. To be ashamed of virtue marks a feeble char- 

f^ t e gre ^ t and the S° od lie in the S rav e with the vile and 
the humble. Let us go to the poor to learn contentment We 
hear men exclaim against the danger of temptation, and we see 
them rush into it without thought. To confess the truth, We are 
most in danger from ourselves. He was delighted with beino; 
called an eloquent man. The contractor, having been sick for* 
sometime, did not fulfill bis engagements. Being a ^ood me- 
chanic, he can find employment. The jury is censurable for not 
having decided according to the facts. The army regretted losino- 
the best officers. The people have met for consultation on local 
attairs. My visionary friend expects to be made rich by some 
sudden turn of fortune. This poor man is said to have been born 
blind. The gentleman is trying to make his idle son a scholar, 
lhe carpenter must have ten men to help him raise the frame of 
a barn. His mercy bids me come. I have always found this man 
to be a firm friend. His having been a sailor is known by his 
sea-phrases. I have some doubt of that politician's being: an hon- 
est man ° 



CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITONS. 43 



CHAPTEK XIV. 

CONNECTIVES. 

89. Connectives are words used to unite sentences or 
their* elements, of which there are four kinds : Conjunc- 
tions, Conjunctive Adverbs, Prepositions and Relative Pro- 
nouns. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

90. Conjunctions connect words or prepositions, and 
show the dependence of the terms so united; as, — Wil- 
liam and Mary are happy, because they are good. Con- 
junctions are usually divided into tivo classes — Copula- 
tive and Disjunctive. 

91. Copulative Conjunctions unite prepositions or ele- 
ments which denote addition, cause, consequence or sup_ 
position ; as, — He and I will not dispute, for if he has 
any choice I shall readily grant it. 

92. Disjunctive Conjunctions unite propositions or ele- 
ments that denote opposition of meaning ; as, — Thomas 
or Henry may remain, but Samuel must go. 

93. A few of the Copulatives and Disjunctives are 
usually distinguished as Corresponding Conjunctions. A 
close examination, however, will show that in most 
cases they are not connectives, but either adverbs or 
attendant elements ; as— Though he were dead, yet shall 
he live. Neither John nor James was there. 

a. Transposing the first sentence, it becomes, — He 
shall yet live, though he were dead. This transposition 
shows yet to be a simple adverb. 

b. In the second example, neither is not used to con- 
nect the nouns John and James, but to mark more em- 



•'■: 44 ., CONNECTIVES. 

phaticaUy the connection expressed by the connective 
nor. Both, either, neither, etc., belong to this class See 
sec. 27, 4th. 

94. There are some peculiar combinations of words 

which have the force of conjunctions, and, therefore 

may be taken together as connectives. They are ■ for 

as much as, in as much as, in so much that, as soon as 'as 

far as, as many as, etc. 

95. Conjunctions placed before substantive clauses are 
not connectives. They are used to introduce the clauses ; 
as,— That all men are created equal, is self-evident. He 
knew that James was there. 

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS. 

96. Conjunctive Adverbs perform a double office 
They perform the office of connectives by uniting auxili- 
ary clauses to the elements which they modify Thev 
perform the office of adverbs by expressing some circum- 
stances of time, place, degree, or other adverbial property ; 
as —Our road lay in darkness, till we emerged from the 
dell. He came to meet me as soon as I saw him. 

a. The combinations defined in sec. 94 belong to the 
class of conjunctive adverbs. 

b. The Conjunctive Adverbs whence, where, when, why. 
whither and how, are sometimes employed to perform the 
office of relative pronouns, by referring back to antece- 
dent nouns which denote time, place, manner or cause; 
as,— In a time when thou mayst be found. I sought for 
some time a place where all real wants may be satisfied. 
There might they see whence Po and later came. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

97. The office of a Preposition, as a connective, is to 
unite a substantive to the word which it modifies by ex- 






CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS. 45 



pressing a relation ; as, — The book lies before me on the 
table. 

98. Relative Pronouns unite adjective clauses to the 
antecedents which they modify ; as, — He that refuseth 
instruction despiseth his own soul. 

99^ What) whoever, whichever etc., include both the re- 
lative and its antecedent ; they are, therefore. Compound 
Pronouns ; as, — This is what [that, or the thing which,"] I 
wanted. Whoever \]ie who] studies will improve. 

a. Correct analysis requires that these compounds be 
separated into their primary elements. 



PAET II. 

ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES AND THEIR 
ELEMENTS. 

CHAPTEK I. 

SIMPLE SENTENCES — SIMPLE WORD MODIFIERS. 

Analyze and parse the following sentences : 

OEDEE OF ANALYSIS. 

A Sentence, and why? Office, and why? Structure, 
and why ? Relation, and why ? Principal Elements, and 
why ? Subordinate Elements, and why ? 

MODELS. 

100. The farmer is slowly driving his tardy cattle. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence ... It contains an entire proposition. 2. 
Declarative ... It is used to express an affirmation. 3. 

Simple , It contains but one subject and one predicate. 31. 

Independent . . It is a single proposition. 43. 
Transitive .... The action asserted in the predicate terminates 
on an object. 51. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject The word farmer, it is the basis of the proposi- 
tion. 11. 

Predicate .... Is driving, — it is the act affirmed of the sub- 
ject. 13. 

Object Cattle, — It is the word upon which the action 

asserted in the predicate terminates. 17, 



WORD MODIFIERS. 47 

Sub. Mem. 

The A simple adjective modifier of the subject, denot- 
ing what farmer. 21, 24. 

Slowly ....... A simple adverbial modifier of the predicate, de- 
noting the manner of driving. 22. 

His and tardy, simple adjective modifiers of the object; the first 
denoting whose cattle; the second, the kind of 
cattle. 

Parsing. 
The An adjective, and limits the noun, cattle. Rule 

XVI. 

Farmer A noun, common, masculine gender, third per- 
son, singular number, nominative case, subject 
of the proposition. Rule I. 

Is driving .... A verb, irregular, transitive, active voice, indica- 
tive mood, present tense, (progressive form,) 
third person singular number, to agree with its 
subject, farmer. Rule xi. 

Slowly An adverb, and qualifies the verb, is driving. 

Rule xvn. 

His A personal pronoun, third person, singular num- 
ber, masculine gender, to agree with its antece- 
dent farmer, (Rule vn.) possessive case, and 
limits the noun cattle. Rule v. 

Tardy An adjective, positive degree, and qualifies the 

noun, cattle. Rule xvi. 

Cattle A noun, common, third person, common gender, 

plural number, objective case after the transitive 
verb, is driving. Rule in. 

101. O, Virtue, how amiable thou art ! 

Analysis. 

A Sentence . . . "Why ? 

Exclamatory . . It is used to express admiration. 6. 

Simple "Why ? 

Independent . . " 

Intransitive . . It has no objective element. 52. 



48 ANALYSIS. — SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject The word thou, — it is the basis of the proposi- 
tion. 11. 

Predicate .... Art amiable, — -it is that which is affirmed of the 
subject, Mow. Parts: Art, the copula; amiable, 
the attribute, denoting a quality belonging to 
the subject. 13. 

Sub. Mem. 

How A simple adverbial modifier of tlie predicate, de- 
noting degree. 22. 

Atten. Elem. 

0, and Virtue . Used to denote emotion and address. 27, 2d. 

Parsing. 

An exclamation, used to express emotion. 

Virtue A noun, proper, second person, feminine gender, 

singular number, independent case. Kule yi. 

Thou A personal pronoun, second person, singular 

number, to agree with its antecedent, virtue, 
(Eule vn.) nominative case, subject of the pro- 
position. Rule i. 

Art A verb ; principal parts — am, was, been; irregu.. 

lar, intransitive, indicative mood, present tense, 
second person, singular number, to agree with 
its subject, thou. Eule xi. 

Amiable An adjective, positive degree, and qualifies the 

pronoun, thou. Rule xvi. 

How An adverb, and limits the adjective amiable. 

Rule xvi. 

102. Tom struts a soldier, open, bold and brave. 

Note.— Supply the parts omitted, accordiDg to the order of analysis (100) and 
the preceding models. 

Analysis. 

Predicate .... Struts a soldier, — it is that which is affirmed of 
the subject, Tom. Parts: struts, the copula; 
soldier, the attribute, denoting Tom's occupation* 






WORD MODIFIERS. 49 

Sub. Mem. 

A A simple adjective modifier of the attribute, de- 
noting one soldier. 

Open, bold and brave, a compound adjective modifier of the attrib- 
ute, taken together to denote the kind of 
soldier. 26. 

Parsing. 

Tom A noun, proper, third person, masculine gender, 

singular number, nominative case, subject of the 
proposition. Kule I. 

Struts A verb ; principal parts, strut, strutted, strutted ; 

regular, intransitive, indicative mood, present 
tense, third person, singular number, to agree 
with the subject, Tom. Kule xi. 

A An adjective, aud limits the noun soldier. Kule 

XVI. 

Soldier A noun, common, masculine gender, third per- 
son, singular number, nominative case, and with 
the copula struts, form the predicate of the pro- 
position. Kule ii. 

Open, bold and brave, adjectives, in the positive degree, and 
qualify the noun, soldier. Kule xvi. 

103. The noble ship, shattered and stripped, became a wreck. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject ...... The word, ship, — why ? 

Predicate .... Became wreck,— it is that which is affirmed of 

the subject, ship. Parts : became, the copula ; 

wreck, the attribute, denoting the condition of 

the ship. 

Sub. Mem. 

The and noble . Simple adjective modifiers of the subject ; the 
first denoting wJuU ship ; the second^ the kind of 
ship. 

Shattered and stripped, a compound adjective modifier of the 
subject, taken together to describe the condi- 
tion of the ship. 



50 ANALYSIS. — SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

A Simple adjective modifier of the attribute, de- 
noting one wreck 

Exercises. 

104. Is the bright, intelligent, sparkling eye dimmed ? Vanity? 
mortified, becomes envy. A wide, deep, and rapid stream was 
before us. Her hands were still uplifted. Why, here comes my 
father! How quickly he has returned ! Look here ! See what a 
beautiful ball John has found! George is an obedient, industri- 
ous and careful boy. Hence! you idle creatures ; get you home. 
Did Charles go willingly, or unwillingly ? Did they recite cor- 
rectly, or incorrectly? Should not my losses be made good? The 
young recruit will be made a sergeant. Three intelligent me- 
chanics should be appointed umpires. Those mechanics are called 
good workmen. This able statesman maybe appointed President. 
This student has been considered talented. The young man may 
be a coachmaker. Can they not have been secret agents? Be 
diligent. This Senator will be accounted a strong debater. Come 
calm content, serenely sweet. Liberty's most faithful friends 
■were discouraged. The lad found the horses grazing. The car- 
penters were erecting a spacious barn. You should have been 
reading some good book. I have often seen the gentleman walk- 
ing. The soldiers advancing met the enemy retreating. He heard 
the King's command. Sleep seldom visits sorrow. The rain has 
been constantly pouring down. "Where is God? Everywhere. 
Alas ! how rapidly time passes away. O, blissful days ! ah, me ? 
how soon ye pass. Pshaw, how can you be so foolish ! Falsehood 
is a most odious vice. A good cause always makes a strong arm. 
Bad books injure the character. Will evil communications cor- 
rupt good manners ? 

CHAPTEK II. 

SIMPLE SENTENCES — PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE, AND COMPLEX 
WORD MODIFIERS. 

Analyze and parse the following sentences : 



PHRASE MODIFIERS. 51 



PHRASE ORDER OF ANALYSIS. 



A Phrase, and why ? Office, and why ? Structure, and 
why ? Form, and why ? Verbal Class, and why ? Prin- 
cipal Elements, and why? Subordinate Elements, and 
why? 

models: 

105. The young farmers in the country very frequently attend 
school in the winter. 

Analysis. 
A Sentence, etc. And why ? 

Prin. Elem. 

Subject, etc. . . And why ? 

Sub. Elem. 

The A simple adjective modifier of the subject, denot- 
ing what farmers. 

Young A simple adjective modifier of the subject, de- 
scribing the age of the farmers. 

Inthe country . A simple adjective modifier of the subject, de- 
noting what farmers. 

Very frequently, a complex adverbial modifier of the predicate, 
denoting how often; basis, frequently, modified 
by very, a simple adverbial modifier, denoting 
how frequently. 

In the winter . . A simple adverbial modifier of the predicate, de- 
noting the season when they attend. 

Phrase In the country, — an assemblage of words which 

does not form a proposition. 55. 

Adjective It modifies a noun. 57. 

Simple It contains but one leader and one subsequent. 71 

Prepositional .. It is introduced by a preposition. 80. 

Intransitive . . It has no objective element. 86. 

Prin. Elem. 
Leader In, — it introduces the phrase. 63. 



52 ANALYSIS. — SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

Subsequent . . . Country, — it is the word which follows the 
leader as its object of relation. 64. 

Sub. Mem. 

The A simple adjective modifier of the subsequent, 

denoting what country. 
Phrase ...... In the winter, — why ? 

Adverbial .... It modifies a verb. 58. 

Simple Why ? 

Prepositional. . " 
Intransitive. . . " 

Prin. Mem. 

Leader Why ? 

Subsequent " 

Sub. Mem. 
The Why ? 

Parsing. 

In the country . An adjective, and limits the noun farmers. Rule 

XVI. 

In A preposition, shows the relation of country to 

farmers. Rule xix. 
The An adjective, and limits the noun country. Rule 

XVI. 

Country ..... A noun, common, third person, neuter gender, 
singular number, objective case, to complete the 
relation expressed by the preposition, in. Rule 
in. 

106. Our national resources are developed by an earnest cul- 
ture of the arts of peace. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence, etc. Why ? 

Phrase By an earnest culture of the arts of peace, — why? 

Adverbial. ... It modifies a verb. 58. 

Complex It contains three phrases forming direct and in- 
direct modifiers. 25, 76. 
Prepositional . . It is introduced by a preposition. 80. 



PHRASE MODIFIERS. 53 

Prin. Elem. 

Leader Why ? 

Subsequent ... " 

Sub. Elem. 

An, and earnest, simple adjective modifiers of the subsequent; 
the first denoting one, and the second the kind 
of culture. 

Of the arts of peace,~z complex adjective modifier of the subse- 
quent, denoting the kind of culture. 

Phrase Of the arts of peace,— why ? 

Adjective .... "Why? 

Complex It contains two phrases forming direct and indi- 
rect modifiers. 

Prepositional . . Why ? 

Prin. Elem, 

Leader Why ? 

Subsequent . . . " 

Sub. Elem. 

The, and of peace, simple adjective modifiers of the subse- 
quent ; the first denoting what, the second the 
kind of arts. 

Phrase Of peace,— Why ? 

Adjective .... Why ? 

Simple " 

Prepositional . , " 

Prin. Elem. 

Leader Why ? 

Subsequent ... " 

Parsing. 

By the earnest culture of the arts of peace,-^-&n adverb, and quali- 
fies the verb, are developed. Rule xvn. 

By A preposition, and shows the relation of culture 

to are developed. Rule xix. 

An An adjective, and limits the noun culture. Rule 

XVI. 



54 ANALYSIS. — SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

Earnest An adjective, and qualifies the noun culture. 

Kule xvi. 
Culture A noun, common, etc., objective case, to complete 

the relation of the preposition, by. Kule in. 
Of the arts of peace, an adjective, and qualifies the noun culture. 

Kule xvi. 
Of ......... A preposition, and shows the relation of arts to 

culture. Kule xix. 

The An adjective. Kule xvi. 

Arts A noun, etc., objective case, to complete the rela- 
tion of the .preposition, of. Kule in. 
Of peace An adjective, and qualifies the noun arts. Kule 

xvi. 
Of A preposition, and shows the relation of peace to 

arts. Kule xix. 
Peace A noun, etc., objective case, etc. Kule in. 

107. "William satisfied his creditors by mortgaging his estate. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence, etc. And why? 

Prin. and Sub. Mem. 

Phrase By mortgaging his estate, — why ? 

Adjective. .... "Why ? 

Simple " 

Prepositional .. " 

Transitive .... The subsequent is a transitive participle. 85. 

Prin. Mem. 

Leader Why? 

Subsequent . . . Mortgaging, — it is the word that follows the 

leader as its object of relation. 64. 
Object Estate, — it is the word upon which the action 

asserted in the subsequent terminates. 65. 

Sub. Mem. 

His ........ A simple adjective modifier of the object, denot- 
ing whose estate. 



PHRASE MODIFIERS. 55 

Parsing. 

By mortgaging his estate, an adverb, and qualifies the verb satis- 
fied. Kule xvu. 

By A preposition, and shows the relation of mort- 
gaging to satisfied. Eule xix. 

Mortgaging ... A noun, participial, derived from the verb to 
mortgage. As a noun, it is in the objective case, 
and completes the relation of the preposition, 
by. Eule in. 

His A personal pronoun, third person, masculine 

gender, singular number, to agree with its ante- 
cedent, (Eule vn.) it limits the noun estate. 
Eule v. 

Estate A noun, etc., objective case, after the transitive 

participle mortgaging. 

108. An honest man is conscious of being just. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence, etc. Why? 

Prin. and Sub. Elem. 

Phrase Of being just, — why? 

Adverbial .... Why ? 

Simple " 

Prepositional. . u 
Intransitive. . . " 

Prin. Elem. 

Leader Why ? 

Subsequent ... " 

Attribute .... Just, — a word connected by a copula to the 
noun which it modifies. 66. 

Parsing. 

Of being just . An adverb, and qualifies the adjective conscious. 

Eule xvu. 
Of A preposition, and shows the relation of being to 

conscious. Eule xix. 
Being A noun, participial, derived from the verb to be, 



56 ANALYSIS. — SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

As a noun, it is in the objective case, to complete 
the relation of the preposition, of. Rule III. 
As a verb, it connects the attribute, just, with the 
noun, man. 

Just An adjective, and qualifies the noun man. Rule 

XVI. 

Exercises. 

109. The common fluency of speech in many men and most 
women is owing to the scarcity of matter, and scarcity of words. 
In taking revenge, a man is only even with his enemy. Is there 
no way of bringing back a wandering sheep but by worrying him 
to death ? A truly great man borrows no lustre from splendid 
ancestry. The heavenly Una, with her milk-white lamb, is one 
of the loveliest creations of genius. Soldiers in peace are like 
chimneys in summer. George performed the act without having 
been requested. By so doing he gained the good will of his for^ 
mer enemy. He entered at once upon the performance of his 
duties. This state of uncertainty cannot last forever. The weasel 
ran from under the bridge. The gentleman came from beyond 
the sea. From peak to peak, the rattling crags among, leaps the 
loud thunder. Heaven send you the choicest blessings. Bright- 
est and best of the sons of the morning, dawn on our darkness. 
The swallow, privileged above the rest of the birds, as man's 
familiar guest, pursues the sun in summer. She is well known 
to chancels and to chimneys. The soldiers have all gone but one 
regiment. My ..son wrote to me concerning the purchase of a 
farm. The thief took my watch from beneath my pillow. They 
shall be delivered out of all their troubles. The aged sailor, by 
viewing a ship, recalls the former scenes of his life. In conse" 
quence of his having been idle, John was detained after school. 
Indeed! Susan, do you believe those absurd stories concerning 
your friend? 

CHAPTER III. 

SIMPLE SENTENCES — INFINITIVE, AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 

MODIFIERS. 



PHRASE MODIFIERS. 57 

Analyze and parse the following sentences : 

models: 

110. The stranger was impelled by hunger to call at a farm- 
house for refreshments. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence, etc. And why? 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject "Why ? 

Predicate ... " 

Sub. Mem. 

The A simple adjective modifier, etc. 

By hunger ... A simple adverbial modifier of the predicate 

denoting why the stranger was impelled. 24. 
To call at a farmhouse for refreshments, a complex adverbial 

modifier of the predicate, denoting how the 

stranger was impelled. 25, a. 

Phrase To call at a farmhouse for refreshments, why? 

Adverbial . . . "Why? 

Complex .... It contains three phrases, of which the second 

and third are modifiers of an element of the 

first. 76. 
Infinitive ... It has the word to for its leader, and' a verb for 

its subsequent. 81. 
Prin. Mem. 

Leader "Why? 

Subsequent ... The word call,— it is the word that follows the 

leader as its object of relation. 64. 
Sub. Mem. 
At a farmhouse, and for refreshments, simple adverbial modifi- 
ers of the subsequent, call; the first denoting 

place, — the second, cause. 

Phrase At a farmhouse, — "Why ? 

Adverbial .... Why ? 

Simple " 

Prepositional. . " 



58 



ANALYSIS. — SIMPLE SENTENCES. 



Intransitive. . . "Why ? 

Prin. and Sub. Mem. 

Phrase For refreshments, — why ? 

Adverbial, etc . And why ? 

Parsing. 
^ e An adjective, and limits the noun stranger. Kule 

XYI. 

Stranger .... A. noun, common, common gender, third person, 
singular number, nominative case, subject of the 
proposition. Kule i. 

Was impelled . A verb; principal parts,— impel, impelled, impell- 
ed; regular, transitive, passive voice, indicative 
mood, past tense, third person, singular number, 
to agree with its subject, stranger. Kule xi. 

By hunger ... An adverb, and qualifies the verb, was impelled- 
Kule xvii. 

By A preposition, and shows the relation of hunger 

to was impelled. Kule xix. 

Hun 9 er A noun, common, neuter gender, third person, 

singular number, objective case, to complete the 
relation of the preposition, by. Kule in. 

To call at a farmhouse for refreshments, an adverb, and qualifies 
the verb was impelled, by denoting manner. 
Kule xvii. 

To cali A verb ;' principal parts,— call, called, called; 

regular, intransitive, indicative mood, present 
tense, and depends upon the verb, was impelled. 
Kule xv. 

At a farmhouse, an adverb, and qualifies the verb, call, by de- 
noting place. Kule xvii. 

At A preposition, and shows the relation of farm- 
house to to call. Kule xix. 

^ An adjective, and limits the noun farmhouse. 

Kule xvi. 

Farmhouse . . A noun; common, neuter gender, third person 
singular number, objective case, to complete th e 
relation of the preposition, at. Kule in. 



PHRASE MODIFIERS. 59 

For refreshments, an adverb, and qualifies the verb call, by de- 
noting cause. Rule xyii. 

For A preposition, and shows the relation of refresh- 
ments to to call. Rule xix. 

Refreshments . A noun, common, neuter gender, third person, 
plural number, objective case, to complete the 
relation of the preposition, for. Rule in. 

111. Be not anxious to acquire great wealth. 

Analysis. 
A Sentence, etc. Why? 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject You (understood, )— why ? 

Predicate .... Be anxious. 

Sub. Mem. 
Not A simple adverbial modifier of the attribute, de- 
noting negation. 22. 
To acquire great wealth, a simple adverbial modifier of the attrib- 
ute, denoting manner. 

Phrase To acquire great wealth, — why ? 

Adverbial .... Why ? 

Simple " 

Infinitive .... It has the word to for its leader, and a verb for 

its subsequent. 81. 
Transitive . . . The subsequent is a transitive verb. 85. 

Prin. Mem. 

Leader To, — why ? 

Subsequent . . . Acquire, — why ? 

Object Wealth, — it is the word upon which the action 

asserted in the subsequent terminates. 65. 
Sub. Mem. 
Great A simple adjective modifier of the object, denoting 

quantity. 

Parsing. 
Be ........ A verb ; principal parts, — am, was, been ; irregu- 
lar, intransitive, imperative mood, future tense, 
second person, singular number, to agree with 
its subject, you understood. Rule xi. 



ANALYSIS.— SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

NOt t U , adVeVh ' and limits the *&*&* anxious 

Rule xvii. 

Anxious .... An adjective, and qualifies the pronoun, you un- 
derstood. Rule xvi. 

To acquire great m alth, an adverb, and qualifies the adjective 
anxious. Rule xvii 

To acquire ... A verb; principal V& rt S , -acquire, acquired, at- 
gutred; regular, transitive, active voice, infini- 
tive mood, present tense, and depends upon the 
adjective anxious. Rule xv 

112. Williams anxiety to be a seaman was finally gratified. 
A Sentence, etc . And why? 

Prin. and Sub. Elem. 

Ph rase To be a seaman,— why ? 

Adjective Why ? 

Simple a 

Infinitive .... u 
Intransitive . . " 

Prin. Elem. 

Leader To, — why ? 

Subsequent . . . Be, — why ? 

Attribute . . . Seaman, denoting William's occupation, and in- 

directly connected by the verb to be as a copula 

to the noun, William. 66. 

Sub. Mem. 

A A S ™P le ««*** modifier of the attribute de- 

noting one seaman. 

Parsing. 

To be a seaman, an adjective, and qualifies the noun anxietv 
Rule xvii. 

T ° be A verb ' P»ncipal parts,-*™, was, been; irregu- 
lar intransitive, infinitive mood, present tense 
and depends upon the noun anxiety. Rule xv 
An *&&*> »nd Hmits the noun seaman. Rule 

YVT 






XVI. 



PHRASE MODIFIERS. 61 

I 

Seaman A noun; common, masculine gender, third per- 
son, singular number, nominative case. Rule ii- 

Exercises. 

113. We are under obligations to assist the poor. He has a 
wish to do good. "We are prone to make a torment of our fears. 
Parents sometimes send children to school to get them out of the 
! way. In trying to please everyone, we can please no one. Starve 
not yourself to feed the idle. The stranger rose to be presented 
to the company. The bill was laid on the table, to be called up 
on some future day. The ground is dry enough to be planted* 
The father encouraged his sons to be industrious. Charles is able 
to read, write, and cipher. Thou art worthy to take the book 
and to open the seals thereof. I am unable to walk to the city, or 
to ride to the village. I have determined to sell my farm, and to 
purchase a steamboat. "Will you be so good as to be silent, and 
to hear me read a chapter? Be so kind as to place this sentence 
in a diagram. We should make efforts to improve. A constant 
purpose to excel his classmates marked his course. He arrived 
in time to give his vote. We were too late to take the cars. His 
attempt to rescue his friend was fatal to himself. His intention 
to resign his commission has been publicly announced. They re- 
mained to visit their friends in the city. The commander sent an 
officer to reconnoiter the enemy's camp. Do thy best to pluck 
this crawling serpent from thy breast. Pleasa to insert points so 
as to make sense. We shall find the practice perfectly to accord 
with the theory. But it would tend rather to obscure than to 
elucidate the subject. He has no occasion either to divide or to 
explain. I felt a chilling sensation creep over me. . Carry her to 
his table to view his poor fare, and to hear his discourse. They 
may dispense with the laws to favor their friends, or to secure 
their office. 



62 ANALYSIS. — SIMPLE SENTENCES. 



CHAPTEE IV. 

SIMPLE SENTENCES— PARTICIPIAL AND ABSOLUTE PRHASE 

MODIFIERS. 

Analyze and parse the following sentences : 

models: 

114. The minister having been a faithful Christian during lif e 
did not fear death. 






Analysis. 
A Sentence, etc . And why? 

Prin. Elem. 

Subject Why ? 

Predicate ... u 
Object « 

Sub. Mem. 

The A simple adjective modifier, etc. 

Having been a faithful Christian during life, a complex adjective 
modifier of the subject, used to describe the char- 
acter of the minister. 21. 

Not A simple adverbial modifier of the predicate, de- 
noting negation. 22. 

Phrase Having been a faithful Christian during his life 

"Why? 

Adjective It modifies a noun. 

Com P l ™ It contains two phrases, the second being a sub- 
ordinate element of the first. 67, 76, 4th 

Participial ... It has a participle for its leader, followed by an 
attribute. 82. 

Intransitive. . . It has no objective element. 

Prin. Mem. 

Leader Having been,— it introduces the phrase. 63. 

Attribute . . . Christian,— it denotes the character attributed 



PHRASE MODIFIERS. 63 

to the noun, minister, and connected with it by 
the leader as a copula. 66. 

Sub. Mem. 

During life . . A simple adverbial modifier of the leader, denot- 
ing the length of time. 22, 24. 

A and faithful, simple adjective modifiers of the attribute; the 
first denoting one, and the second the kind of 
christian. 

Parsing. 

Note.— Every part of the preceding and following exercises should be ana- 
lyzed and parsed in full. The parts which have been explained are omitted in 
the formulas, to save space. 

Having been a faithful Christian during life, an adjective^ and 
qualifies the noun minister. Eule xvi. 

Having been . . A participle, derived from the verb to be; pres- 
ent perfect tense, used adjectively to modify the 
noun minister, and ?s a copula to connect the 
attribute Christian with it. 

A and faithful, — adjectives; the first limits and the second 
qualifies the noun Christian. Eule xvi. 

Christian .... A noun; common, common gender, third per- 
son, singular number, nominative case, after the 
participle having been. Kule ir. 

During life ... An adverb, and qualifies the participle havino- 
been. Eule xvn. 

During A preposition, and shows the relation of life to 

having been. Eule xix. 

Life A noun; common, neuter gender, third person, 

singular number, objective case, to complete the 
relation of the preposition, during. Eul in, 

116. I have hopes of his eventually becoming a sound scholar. 

Phrase Of his eventually becoming a sound scholar. 

Why? 
Adjective . ... It modifies the noun hopes. 

Complex It has a phrase for its subsequent. 75, 3d. 

. Prepositional . It has a preposition for its leader. 80. 
Intransitive . . . "Why ? 



64 ANALYSIS.— SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

Prin. Mem. 

X»<: : : SS^EjE* whfch il - ""■— •*■ » 

nw eventually becoming a sound scholar,- a 

f" fo »°™g the leader as its ohject of rela- 
tion. 64. 

Phrase %TT lly becoming a sound scholar - 

5 * P '* • • **%* - ^-ul-equentof the w ^, 

££^|' ' ' S 7^" bUt ^ leader and ° ne *"** 
.*»*«„«* . . . It has participle for its leader, followed by an 

attribute. 82. 

Intransitive . . "Why ? 

Prm. JE7em. 

Sr» fe ;: : : S:z n Vl: n T d T the phrase - 63 - 

bchoar _,t denotes the name of a quality at- 
tributed to the person referred to. 
Sub. Elem. 

A S * lm P ,e ad J eetive modifier of the leader, denot- 
ing whose becoming 
Eventually ... A simple adverbial modifier of the leader de- 

noting time future. 

modified as 8ub^T£ A$^2^^ ; ^ they ^ to 
as in this example. Aa J e «'ves and Verbs in the same construction, 

Parsing. 
Of his becoming a sound scholar, an adjective, and qualifies the 
noun hopes. Rule xvi. 

°^ A P™Position, and shows the relation of the 

phrase, his becoming a sound scholar, to hopes. 
Rule xix. 
m, becoming a sound scholar, A substantive in the objective case 
to complete the relation of the preposition of 
Kule in. n a . 

HiS A ***•*«« ^o«o*m, third person, masculine 



His 



PHRASE MODIFIERS. 6*5 

gender, singular number, to agree with its ante- 
cedent understood (Kule vn.) possessive case, 
and limits becoming. Rule v. 

Becoming ... A participle derived from the verb to become, 
present tense. As a noun, it forms a part of the 
substantive phrase. As a copula, it connects the 
attribute, scholar, with the name of the person 
referred to. 

A and sound, . Adjectives; the first limits, the second qualifies 
the noun scholar. Rule xvi. 

Scholar A noun; common, third person, common gen- 
der, singular number, nominative case, after the! 
participle becoming. Rule n. 

117. We left the club discussing the question. 

Phrase Discussing the question, — why ? 

Adjective .... It modifies a noun. 

Simple It contains one leader and one object. 71. 

Participial ... It has a participle for its leader, followed by an 
object. 82. 

Transitive .... The leader is a transitive participle. 85. 

Prin. Mem. 

Leader Discussing, — It introduces the phrase. 

Object Question, — The word upon which the action 

asserted in the leader terminates. 65. 
Sub. Mem. 

The A simple adjective modifier of the object, denoting 

what question. 

Parsing. 
Discussing the question, an adjective, and qualifies the noun clut>. 

Rule xvi. 
Discussing ... A participle, derived from the verb to discuss; 

present tense, used adjectively to modify tho 

noun club, and as a verb to express an action. 
The An adjective, and limits the noun question. Rule 

xvi. 
Question .... A noun; common, etc., objective case, after ihO 

participle discussing. Rule in. 



66 ANALYSIS.— SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

118. The hour having now arrived, we commenced our exer- 
cises. 

A Sentence, etc. And why ? 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject, etc. . . And why ? 

Sub. Mem. 

The hour having now arrived, a simple adverbial modifier of the 
predicate, denoting the time when we commenced 
our exercises. 24, 83, a. 

0ur A sim P le adjective modifier of the object, de- 
noting whose exercises. 

Phrase The hour having now arrived, — why ? 

Adverbial ... It modifies a verb. 58. 

Absolute .... It has a noun for its basis, followed by a parti- 
ciple depending upon it. 83. 
Prin. Mem. 

Hour ' The leader or basis of the phrase. 

Having arrived, the dependent participle. 

Sub. Mem. 

The A sim P le adjective modifier of the basis, denoting 

what hour. 

Now ...... A simple adverbial modifier of the participle, 

denoting time. 

Parsing. 
The hour having now arrived, an adverb, and qualifies the verb 

commenced. Kule xvn. 
The An adjective, and limits the noun hour. Rule 

XVI. 

Hour A ™> uni > common, third person, neuter gender 7 

singular number, independent case. Rule vi 

Having arrived, a participle, derived from the verb to arrive; 
present perfect tense. As an adjective, it qualifies 
the noun hour. (Rule xvi.) As a verb, it ex- 
presses action. 



Now 



An adverb, and limits the participle having ar- 
rived. Rule xvu. 



COMPLEX SENTENCES. 67 



Exercises. 

The gentleman, having settled his affairs, left his home for a 
distant country. Having thus calmed his solicitude, he renewed 
his pace. Its excesses may be restrained without destroying its 
existence. He was displeased with the President's having dis- 
posed of the office. The crime of his being a young man .is 
charged upon him. Elizabeth's tutor, at one time paying her "a 
visit, found her employed in reading Plato. The State secured 
prosperity by establishing judicious laws. A man may be justly 
suspected of dishonesty on account of his being associated with 
dishonest men. Being very poor, he earns a living by. sawing 
wood at the furnace. The man having stifled his convictions, re- 
turned to his former vices. The traveler being hungry, called at 
a tavern for dinner. The young man being conceited, overrated 
his talents. Being obnoxious to the Government, he left the 
country. The officer having been cowardly in battle, was cash- 

| iered. Being a skillful physician, he understood the disease. 
Having been a bad youth, he could never gain the confidence of 
the people. Having long been a member of Congress, he under- 
stands parliamentary usage. The hour having arrived, the com- 
pany dispersed. A competence being secured, we should be con- 
tent. The wind having fallen, the ship was moored in safety. 

i The death of the chief actor having occurred, the plan failed. 
Granting all that, our position is untouched. Viewing the con- 
sequences alone, his courage was an entire mistake. 



CHAPTER V 



COMPLEX SENTENCES. 

Analyze and parse the following sentences 

models: 
119. Death or victorv was the watchword". 



o ANALYSIS. 

Analysis. 
A Sentence . . Why? 
Declarative . . " 

Complex It contains two subjects. 32. 1st. 

Independent . . "Why ? 
Intransitive . . " 

Prin. Mem. 

Subjects Death or victory,— they form the basis of the 

proposition. 11. 
Predicate . . . Why? 

Sub. Elem. 
The Why ? 

Connective. 

Or It unites the subjects. 89. 92. 

Parsing. 

Death and victory, — nouns ; common, neuter gender, third per- 
son, singular number, nominative case. Kule I. 

Was A verb ; principal parts, — am, was, been; irregu- 
lar, intransitive, indicative mode, past tense* 
third person, singular number, to agree with its 
subjects, death or victory. Rule xiv. 

The An adjective, etc. 

Watchword . . A noun ; common, neuter gender, third person, 
singular number, nominative case, and with the 
, copula, was, forms the predicate of the proposi- 
tion. Rule ii. 

Or A conjunction ; disjunctive, it unites elements 

that denote opposition of meaning. Rule xvin. 

120. We shall pass from earth, and yield our homes to others. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence . . . Why? 
Declarative ... " 

Complex It contains two predicates. 33. 2d. 

Independent . . Why? 



COMPLEX SENTENCES. 



69 



Mixed It contains one transitive, and one intransitive 

predicate. 53. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject .... "Why? 

Predicates . . . Shall pass, and shall yield,— the acts which are 
affirmed of the subject. 

Object Homes,— it is the word upon which the action 

expressed in the predicate, shall yield, termi- 
nates. 17. 

Sub. Elem. 

From earth . . A simple adverbial modifier of the predicate, 
shall pass, denoting direction. 22, 24. 

To others ... A simple adverbial modifier of the predicate, 
shall yield, denoting manner. 22, 24. 

Our 4- A simple adjective modifier of the object, denot- 
ing whose homes. 

Connective. 

And It unites the predicates. 

NoxE.-Analyze the phrases according to the models for Prepositional 
Phrases. 

Parsing. 

We A pronoun; personal, first person, plural num- 
ber, to agree with its antecedent understood ' 
(Eule vn.) nominative case, subject of the pro- 
position. Eule I. 

Shall pass ... A verb; principal parts,— pass, passed, passed 
regular, intransitive, indicative mode, present 
tense, first person, plural number, to agree with 
its subject, we. Eule xi. 

From earth . . An adverb, and qualifies the verb, shall pass, 
Eule xvn. 

From A preposition, etc. 

Earth A noun, etc. 

And A conjunction; copulative, it unites elements 

that denote addition. Eule xviii. 

Shall yield . . A verb ; principal parts,— yield, yielded, yielded ; 



70 ANALYSIS. 

i 

regular, transitive, active voice, indicative mode, 
future tense, first person, plural number, to 
agree with its subject, we. Rule xi. 

Our A pronoun; personal, first person, plural num- 
ber, to agree with its antecedent, (Rule vn.) 
possessive case, and limits the noun homes. 
Rule v. 

Homes .... A noun, etc. 

To others . . . An adverb, etc. 

121. He is generous, just and humane. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence . . . Why? 
Declarative ... " 

Complex It contains three attributes. 35. 4th. 

Independent . . Why? 
Intransitive . . " 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject Why ? 

Predicate . . . Is generous, just and humane,— it is that which 
is affirmed of the subject, he. Parts : Is, the 
copula, and generous, just and humane, the at- 
tributes, denoting qualities belonging to the sub- 
ject. 13. 3d. 

Connective. 

And It unites the attributes. 

Parsing. 

Generous, just, and humane, — adjectives ; they qualify the pro- 
noun, he. Rule xvi. 
1 23. Peter was an industrious boy, and a good scholar. 

Analysis. 

Predicate .... Was, boy, and scholar, — it is that which is affirm- 
ed of the subject, Peter. Parts : Was, the copula, 
and boy and scholar the attributes; the first de- 
noting what Peter was ; the second, the name of 
a quality belonging to him. 35. 4th. 






COMPLEX SENTENCES. 71 





Parsing. 


123. God created the heavens and earth. 




Analysis. 


A Sentence . 


. Why? 


Declarative . 


n 


Complex . . . 


. . It contains two objective elements. 34. 3d. 


Transitive. . 


..Why? 


■ 


Prin. Mem. 


Subject .... 


. Why? 


Predicate . . 


u 


Objects . . . 


. . Heaven and earth, — they are the words upon 




which the action expressed in the predicate ter- 




minates. 




Connective. 


And 


. It unites the objects. 




Parsing. 


124. Thomas and Harry buy and sell apples or pears. 




Analysis. 


A Sentence . 


.Why? 


Declarative . 


u 


Complex . . 


, It contains two subjects, two predicates, and two 




objects. 34. b. 


Transitive . . 


.Why? 




Prin. Mem. 


Subjects . . . 


. Thomas and Harry, — why ? 


Predicates . , 


. Buy and sell, — why ? 


Objects . . . 


. Apples or pears, — why ? 




Connective. 


And 


. It unites the subjects and predicates. 


Or 


. It unites the objects. 




Parsing. 



125. Eeading instructive books should occupy a due propor- 
tion of our time. 



72 ANALYSIS. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence . . Why ? 

Declarative . . " 

Complex .... It contains a phrase for its subject. 36. 5th. 

Independent . . Why ? 

Transitive ... " 

Prin. Elem. 

Subject Heading instructive books, — it forms the basis 

of the proposition. 
Predicate . . . Should occupy, — it is that which is affirmed of 

the subject. 
Object Proportion, — it is the word upon which the 

action expressed in the predicate terminates. 

Sub. Elem. 

A, due, and of our time, — simple adjective modifiers of the object; 

the first denoting one, and the second and third 

the kind of proportion. 

Phrase Reading instructive books, — why ? 55. 

Substantive ... It is used as the subject of the proposition. 56. 

Simple It contains but one leader and one object. 71. 

Participial ... It has a participle for its leader. 82. 
Transitive . . . The leader is a transitive participle. 85. 

Prin. Elem. 

Leader Reading, — it introduces the phrase. 63. 

Object Books, — it is the word upon which the action 

expressed in the leader terminates. 65. 

Sub. Elem. 
Instructive ... A simple adjective modifier of the object, de- 
noting the kind of books. 
Phrase ..... Of our time, — why ? 
Adjective .... It modifies a noun. 57. 

Simple Why? 

Prepositional . u 
Intransitive . . " 
Prin. Elem. .u " 
Sub. Elem. ... " 



COMPLEX SENTENCES. 73 

Parsing. 

Reading instructive books, — a substantive, third person, neuter 
gender, singular number, nominative case, sub- 
ject of the proposition. Kule i. 11a. 

Reading . . . .A participle; derived from the verb to read) 
used substantively to form the subject of the 
proposition ; as a verb, it expresses action. 

Instructive . . An adjective, and qualifies the noun books. Kule 
xvi. 

Books A noun, etc., objective case, after the transitive 

participle reading. Kule in. 

Should occupy . A verb ; principal parts, occupy, occupied, occu- 
pied ; regular, transitive, active voice, potential 
mode, past tense, third person, singular number, 
to agree with its subject, reading instructive 
books. Kule xi. 

A An adjective, and limits the noun proportion. 

Kule xvi. 

Due An adjective, and qualifies the noun proportion, 

Kule xvi. 

Proportion ... A noun, etc., objective case, after the transitive 
verb should occupy. Kule in. 

Of our time . . An adjective, and qualifies the noun proportion. 
Kule xvi. 

Of A preposition, and shows the relation of time to 

proportion. Kule xix. 

Our A pronoun; personal, first person, plural num- 
ber, to agree with its antecedent understood; 
(Kule xn.) possessive case, and limits the noun 
time. Kule v. 

Time A noun, etc., objective case, to complete the re- 
lation of the preposition, of. Kule in. 

126. It is a difficult task to forgive our enemies cordially. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence . . Why ? 

Declarative . . " 

Complex ... It contains a phrase for its subject. 



74 ANALYSIS. 

Independent . . Why? 
Intransitive . . " 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject To forgive our enemies cordially, — it forms the 

basis of the proposition. 
Predicate . ... Is task, — Why ? 

Sub. Elem. 
A, and difficult, — simple adjective modifiers of the attribute; 
the first denoting one, the second the kind of 
task. 

Atten. Mem. 

It It is used to change the position of the princi- 
pal elements. 27, 3d. 

Phrase To forgive our enemies cordially, — why ? 

Substantive ... It is used as the subject of the proposition. 

Simple Why ? 

Infinitive .... It has the word to for its leader, and a verb for 
its subsequent. 81. 

Transitive ... Its subsequent is a transitive verb. 85. 

Prin. Elem. . . Why? 

Sub. Elem. . . " 

Parsing. 

To forgive our enemies cordially, — a substantive ; third person, 
singular number, nominative case, subject of the 
proposition. Eule i. 

To forgive ... A verb ; principal parts,— forgive^ forgave, for- 
given; irregular, transitive, active voice, infini- 
tive mode, present tense, used substantively to 
form the subject of the proposition, and as a 
verb to express action. 

Our A pronoun; personal, etc. Rule. 

Enemies .... A noun, etc. Rule. 

Cordially . . . An adverb, etc. Rule. 

It ....... . A personal pronoun, used as an attendant ele- 
ment, to change the positive and the principal 
elements. 



COMPLEX SENTENCES. 75 

127. William is to study grammar. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence, etc . And why? 

Predicate ... Is to study grammar, — it is that which is affirm- 
ed of the subject, William. Parts : Is, the copula 
the phrase, to study grammar, the attribute, de- 
noting the name of an action attributed to the 
subject, William. 

Parsing. 

To study grammar, — a substantive, etc. ; nominative case, and 
with the copula, is, forms the predicate of the 
proposition. Rule n. 

To study .... A verb, etc., used substantively to form the attrib- 
ute of the proposition, and as a verb to express 
action. 

Grammar ... A noun, etc., objective case, after the transitive 
verb to study. Rule in. 

128. The gentleman has been in excellent health. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence, etc. And why ? 

Predicate . . . Has been in excellent health, — it is that which 
is affirmed of the subject, gentleman. Parts: — 
Has been, the copula ; in excellent health, the 
attribute, describing the condition of the gen- 
tleman (healthy). 

Phrase In excellent health, — why ? 

Adjective .... It describes a noun. 

Simple Why? 

Intransitive . . M 

Prin. Elem. . . " 

Sub, Elem. . . " 

Parsing. 

In excellent healthy — An adjective, used with the copula to form 
the predicate of the proposition, and qualifies 
the noun gentleman. Rule xvi. 



7tf ANALYSIS. 

Tn A preposition, and shows the relation of health 

to gentleman. 
Excellent . . . An adjective, ete. 
Health .... A noun, etc. 

129. Mary wishes to be a scholar. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence, etc. Why ? 

Object . To be a scholar,— the phrase upon which the 

action expressed in the predicate terminates. 

Phrase .... To be a scholar,— why ? 

Substantive . . It is used as the objective element of the propo- 
sition. 56. 

Simple Why ? 

Infinitive ... " 

Intransitive . . " 

Prin. Mem.. 
Leader To, — why ? 

Subsequent . . . Be, — why? 

Attribute. . . . Scholar,— it denotes the name of a quality at- 
tributed to the noun Mary. 

Parsing. 

To be a scholar,— & substantive, etc., objective case, after the tran- 
sitive verb wishes. Rule hi. 

To be A verb; principal parts,— am, was, been; irregu- 
lar, intransitive, infinitive mode, present tense; 
used substantively to form the object of the pro- 
position ; and as a copula to unite the attribute 
scholar with the noun Mary. 

A An adjective, etc. 

Scholar A noun, etc., nominative case, after the intran- 
sitive verb to be. Rule in. 

130. We regret his being impatient. 

Analysis. 
A Sentence, etc. Why ? 



COMPLEX SENTENCES. 77 

0b J ect His Dein g impatient,— it is the phrase upon 

which the action expressed in the predicate ter- 
minates. 

Phrase His being impatient, — Why? 

Substantive . . Why? 

Simple " 

Participial ... " 

Intransitive . . " 

Prin. Mem. 

Leader Being, — it introduces the phrase? 

Attribute. . . . Impatient,— it denotes a quality attributed to 
the person referred to. 

Sub. Mem. 

His A simple adjective modifier of the leader, de- 
noting whose being. 

Parsing. 

His being impatient,— & substantive, etc., objective case, after 
the transitive verb regret. Eule in. 

His A Jpronoun ; personal, third person, masculine 

gender, singular number, to agree with its ante- 
cedent understood, (Eule vn.) possessive case, 
and limits the participial noun, being. Eule v. 

Being A participle] derived from the verb to be; pres- 
ent tense, used substantively to form the object 
of the proposition, and as a copula to unite the 
attribute impatient to the name of the person 
referred to. 

Impatient ... An adjective, and qualifies a noun understood. 
Eule xvi. 

131. That we differ in opinion is not strange. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence, etc . And why ? 

Complex ... It contains an auxiliary clause for its subject. 
11, a. 46. 



*** ANALYSIS. 

Prin. Elem,. 

Suh J ect The clause,— that we differ in opinion,— it form* 

the basis of the proposition. 
Predicate .... Is strange, etc. 
Aux. Clause . . That we differ in opinion. 
A Sentence, etc. Why ? 

Parsing, 
That we differ in opinion,—* substantive, etc., nominative case, 

and subject of the proposition. Kule I. 
Is A verl >, etc., third person, singular number, to 

agree with its subject,— that we differ in opinion. 

Kule xr. 

Not An adverb, qualifies, etc. Kule xvn. 

Strange . ... An adjective, and qualifies, etc. 

That A conjunction, used to introduce the clause. 96. 

We A Vronoun; personal, first person, etc., (Rule 

vn.) nominative case. Kule i. 

D[fer A verb, etc. Kule xi. 

In opinion ... An adverb, etc. Kule xvn. 

* n A preposition, etc. Kule xix. 

Opinion .... A noun, etc. Kule in. 

132. Eating immoderately is imprudent. 

Analysis, 
A Sentence, etc. Why ? 

Complex .... It contains a participle with its modifier for the 
subject. 37, 6 th. 

Prin. Elem. 

Subject Eating immoderately,— it is the basis of the pro- 
position. 
Predicate . . .Is imprudent, etc. 

Parsing. 

Eating immoderately, — * substantive, etc., nominative case. 
Kule r. 

E ai >M9 A participle, derived from the verb to eat; pres- 
ent tense; used substantively to form the subject 



Kule 



COMPLEX SENTENCES. 79 

of the proposition, and as a verb it expresses 
action. 
Immoderately . An adverb, and qualifies the participle eating. 
(Rule.) It is also used substantively to form the 
subject of the proposition. See sec. 37, a. 

133. I supposed him to be a gentleman. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence, etc. And why ? 

Complex .... It contains a pronoun in the objective case with 
its dependent infinitive for its objective element. 
38. a, b. 

Subject I, — why ? 

Predicate . . . Supposed, — why? 

Object Him to be a gentleman,— the pronoun and its 

dependent phrase upon which the action ex- 
pressed in the predicate terminates. 

Phrase To be a gentleman, — why ? 

Adjective .... It describes the pronoun him. 

Simple Why ? 

Infinitive ... " 

Intransitive . . " 

Prin. Elem. 

Leader .... To, — why? 
Subsequent . . . Be, — why? 

Attribute .... Gentleman, — it denotes th3 cltaracter attributed 
to its subject, him. 

Parsing. 

Him to be a gentleman,—* substantive, etc., objective case, afte* 
the transitive verb supposed. Rule III. 

Him A pronoun; personal, third person, masculine 

gender, singular number, to agree with its ante- 
cedent understood, and used as the subject of the 
infinitive, iiuie xx. 

To be A verb, etc., infinitive mode, present tense; as a 

copula, it connects the attribute gentleman wit& 
its subject, him. 



^ r ANALYSIS. 

" A • "'•' An adjective, etc. 

Gentleman . . A «*«, etc, objective case, after the verb to be 
Note under Bute 11. 

134. It is strange that he should be deceived. 

Analysis. 
A Sentence, etc. Why ? 

Complex It contains a clause for its subject. 39. 45. 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject .... The clause,-that he should be deceived -whv 
Predicate ... Is strange, etc. 

Atten. Mem. 

U '' ltis used t0 transpose the principal elements 

Auxiliary cW,-that he should be deceived,-* is a subordi- 
nate proposition, used in the construction of a 
complex sentence. 45. 

Substantive . . . Whv ? 46. 

Declarative . . » 

Simple Why ? 

Intransitive . . " 

Prin. Mem. 

Subject .... He,— why? 

Predicate . . . Should be deceived,— why ? 

Parsing. 

That fie should be deceived,-* substantive, etc., nominative case 
and ^^ject of the proposition. Rule 1. 

zl A function, and introduces the clause. 95 

77 *• A Pronoun, etc, nominative case. Rule 1 

Should be deceived,-* verb; parts, etc.; regular, transitive, pas- 
sive voice, etc, third person, singular number, 
to agree with its subject. Rule xi. 

I* ..... A verb, etc, third person, singular number, to 
agree with its subject,-that he should be de- 
ceived. Rule xi. 

Strange An adjective, and qualifies the substantive,-that 

he should be deceived. Rule xvi. 






COMPLEX SENTENCES. 81 



Exercises. 



135. To purchase a tolerable farm, or to build a comfortable 
house, requires a considerable amount of money. To write a good 
hand, to spell well, and to construct sentences accurately, should 
be the aim of every student. The teachers hoped that their pupils 
would bear a thorough examination. A yoke of oxen, or a pair 
of horses, is indispensable in cultivating a farm. The proper cul- 
tivation of his plantation, and not the cultivation of his own fac- 
ulties, was the chief object of his care. John, Harriet or you 
are to go to the academy. You, John or Harriet is to go to the 
academy. Neither the captain nor the sailors were lost in the 
shipwreck. The general himself, or two subordinate officers, are 
to inspect the regiment in a few days. Neither riches nor fame 
renders a man happy. The Governor, and several members of 
the Legislature, are said to be in secret conclave in the council 
chamber. In our excursion, we shall need fishing tackle, and a 
bag to hold fish. Sterling integrity, as well as profound knowledge 
of law, is indispensable in a Judge. God created the beasts o^ 
the field, the fowls of the air, the fishes of the sea, and every 
creeping thing. Resisting temptation is the conflict of life. His 
suffering much under such an operation was to be expected. To 
be always guarded against passion is to be very wise. His hope is 
to breathe once more the fresh air in his native land. His beinij 
a farmer exculpated him from blame. Swearing to facts in a 
court of justice is not profane swearing. Talking of one's own 
abilities is commonly evidence of conceitedness. Lounging in 
places of public resort is ruinous to a young man's reputation. 
Boasting of great physical strength is evidence of intellectual 
weakness. Temperance fortifies and purifies the heart. In the 
beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Men gather 
the tares and the wheat with equal care. Then weave the chap- 
let of flowers, and strew the beauties of nature about the grave. 
These limbs are bloodless and cold. The promises of hope are 
sweeter than roses in the bud, and far more flattering to expecta- 
tion. For cold and stiff and still are they. Wreaths of smoke 
ascend through the trees, and betray the half-hidden cottage. Go 
to the raging sea, and say, "be still." Caesar cried, "Help me, 



82 ANALYSIS. 

Cassius." " Will you walk into my parlor?" said a spider to a 
fly. But Brutus says he was ambitious. They say that they 
have bought the farm. "We knew whose place was vacated. " I 
admire," said Aristodemus, "Homer for his epic poetry." He 
inquired, "Who comes there?" That a peculiar insensibility 
exists to the obligations of the parental and filial relation, is too 
evident to need any extended illustration. To be good is to be 
happy. It is wrong to excite false hopes. It is base for one to 
betray his country. His hope is, to breathe once more the fresh 
air in his native land. His mistake is, having labored so lono- for 
an ungrateful public. Being known to have acted independently, 
he is respected. To be always guarded against passion, is to be 
very wise. The decision was to appoint him manager. It was 
determined to name him umpire. He promised me to be here. 
How we can make death our friend is shown in the Bible. It is 
strange that we understand ourselves so little. The situation 
was without comfort. Those men are above law. The preach- 
ing of a hypocrite is an abomination. The young man denied 
having been in bad company. Teaching idle children is irksome 
business. His having relieved many persons in distress was a 
source of much satisfaction to him in his old age. His being tra- 
duced by political enemies is a matter of course. The former 
viciousness of that man caused his being suspected of this crime. 



CHAPTEE VI. 

COMPOUND SENTENCES. 

Analyze and parse the following sentences: 

models: 

John is a scholar that always studies when he attends school. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence . . Why ? 

Declarative . . " 



COMPOUND SENTENCES. 83 

Compound . . It contains three entire propositions, connected 
by a relative pronoun and a conjunctive adverb. 
40. 

Prin. Elem. of Leading Clause. 

Subject John, — it is the basis of the proposition. 

Predicate ... Is scholar, — it is that which is affirmed of the 
subject, John. Parts : Is, the copula, scholar the 
attribute, denoting the character of the subject. 

Sub. Mem. 

A A simple adjective modifier of the attribute, de- 
noting one scholar. 

That alivays studies vjhen he attends school, — a complex adjective 
modifier of the attribute, denoting the kind of 
scholar. 25, 3d. 

Prin. Elem. 1st Aux. Clause. 

Subject .... That,— why? 

Predicate . . . Studies, — why? 

Sub. Mem. 

Always, and when he attends school, — simple adverbial modifiers 
of the predicate, studies, denoting time. 

Prin. Elem. 2d Aux. Clause. 

Subject .... He, — why? 

Predicate . . . Attends, — why? 
Object School, — why? 

Connectives. 

That A relative pronoun, uniting the adjective clause 

to the antecedent scholar. 98. 

When A conjunctive adverb, uniting the adverbial 

clause with the predicate studies, and also ex- 
pressing time. 96. 

Parsing. 

John A noun, etc., nominative case, subject of the 

proposition. Rule i. 



84 



ANALYSIS. 



Is A verh , etc, third person, singular number, to 

agree, etc. Kule xi. 

A An adjective. Kule xvi. 

Scholar .... A noun. Kule n . 

That always studies when he attends school,— an adjective, and 
qualifies the noun scholar. Kule xvi. 

That A pronoun; relative, third person, masculine 

gender, singular number, to agree with its ante- 
cedent John, (Kule vn.) nominative case, sub- 
ject of the proposition. Kule I. 

Always An adverb, and qualifies the verb studies. Rule 

XVII. 

Studies A verb, etc. Kule xi. 

When he attends school,— an adverb, and qualifies the verb stu- 
dies. Rule xvn. 

W }ven A conjunctive adverb, and unites the clauses by 

expressing time. Kule xviii. 

H e A pronoun, etc. Kule I. 

Attends .... A verb, etc. Rule xi. 

School .... A noun, etc. Kule in. 

137. "What I know, I tell. 

Analysis. 

A Sentence . . Why? 

Compound ... It contains two entire propositions united by * 
relative pronoun. 40, 98. (I tell that which 
I know. 99, a.) 

Prin. Mem. Leading Clause. 

Subject I, — why? 

Predicate .... Tell,— why ? 

Object That,— why? 

Sub. Mem. 
I know which, — a simple adjective modifier of the object, that. 

Prin. Mem. Aux. Clause. 

Subject I, — why? 

Predicate . . . Know, — why ? 
Object "Which, — why? 



COMPOUND SENTENCES. 85 



Exercises. 

138. The joy which is lighted by this world, and which is 
bounded by it, is evanescent. The idea that the earth is a plane 
is exploded. The hope that indulgence in doubtful amusements 
can be harmless, is deceitful. He is a man who speaks little of 
himself. "Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. 
All was complete desolation as far as the eye could reach, or the 
voice could penetrate. As soon as he saw me, he came to meet 
me. Who would not fear thee, O, Lord ? for thou, only, art holy ! 
Go in peace, and sin no more, lest a worse thing come upon thee. 
He engaged in commerce, — an employment suited to his taste. 
He assumed a position of neutrality, — a manifest error. The 
heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth 
his handiwork. Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and 
thy dominion endureth throughout all generations. O, Lord, my 
God ! I cried unto thee, and thou hast healed me. His sentiments 
are sublime, and his words are beautiful. Let not your heart be 
troubled, neither let it be afraid. I go to school that I may ac- 
quire an education. My friend has met with such success in sev- 
eral speculations that he has determined to risk his whole fortune 
on a new adventure. That we may not want bread in old age, we 
should be industrious in the prime of life. Some of my pupils 
are so inconsiderate that they will not study. Because he is a 
wise and prudent man, we respect his opinions. O, give thanks 
unto the Lord, for he is good ; for his mercy endureth forever. 
Wherefore, beloved, seeing that ye look for such things, be dili- 
gent, that ye may be found of him in peace, without spot, and 
blameless. Paying one's debts because one cannot help it, is no 
evidence of one's honesty. Doing good because we love to do it, 
is a mark of true benevolence. An honest lawyer said to his 
client, " You admit that your cause is unjust ; then why do you 
expect me to undertake it?" You know that alcohol will under- 
mine your health, ruin your reputation, and beggar your family : 
why will you not, therefore, abandon it ? Wisdom is the princi- 
pal thing ; therefore, get wisdom ; and with all thy gettings, get 
understanding. When we cannot do as we would, we must do 
as well as we can. Then I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as 



86 



ANALYSIS. 



far as light excelleth darkness. As the mountains are round about 
Jerusalem, so the Lord is round about his people from henceforth 
even forever. If newspapers are sometimes scurrilous, they are' 
nevertheless, vehicles of much information. His being idle unless 
the teacher is watching him, is a sure indication of baseness of 
mind. This young lady, being always displeased if she is not 
distinguished by particular attentions, has finally become disa- 
greeable to her best friends. George lost the good opinion not 
only of his teacher, but also of all the diligent boys of the school, 
by being idle unless he were constantly urged to attend his stu- 
dies. But Paul said, "They have beaten us openly, uncondemn- 
ed, being Komans, and have cast us into prison; and now do they 
thrust us out privily; nay, verily; but let them come themselves, 
and fetch us out. Whatever has been ordained by God must be 
right. Whatsoever I command thee, thou shalt speak. Whoever 
would be happy must abstain from evil. I will hear what God 
the Lord will speak. I hope that you will not object to what is 
reasonable. Having learned what had displeased him, I was not 
surprised at what he had said. 

Note.— Review, analyze, and parse the exercises in Part I. 



CHAPTER VII. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 
RULE I. 

The subject of a proposition must be in the nomina- 
tive case. 

RULE II. 

A substantive used with a copula to form the predi- 
cate of a proposition, or as an attribute in a phrase, 
must be in the nominative case. 

NoTE.-An infinitive used as a copula, having a subject in the objective case, 
requires an attribute in the objective. 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 87 

RULE III. 

A substantive used as the object of a transitive verb, 
or to complete the relation of a preposition, must be in 
the objective case. 

RULE IV. 

A noun or pronoun used to explain or identify an- 
other noun or pronoun is put by apposition in the same 
case. 

RULE XV. 

A noun or pronoun used to limit another noun or 
pronoun by denoting possession, must be in the possess- 
ive case. 

RULE VI. 

A noun or pronoun used in address, exclamation, for 
emphasis, or as the basis of an absolute phrase, must 
1 be in the independent case. 

RULE VII. 

Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in per- 
son, gender and number. 

RULE VIII. 

When an antecedent is a collective noun, conveying 
plurality of idea, the pronoun must agree with it in the 
1 plural. 

RULE IX. 

When a pronoun has two or more antecedents in the 

singular, connected by and. it must agree with them 

jointly in the plural. 

rule x. 

When a pronoun has two or more antecedents in the 

singular, connected by or or nor, it must agree with each 

of them singly. 

RULE XI. 

Verbs must agree with their subjects in person and 
number. 



88 RULES OF SYNTAX. 

RULE XII. 

"When the subject is a collective noun, conveying plu- 
rality of idea, the verb must agree with it in the plural. 

RULE XIII. 

When a verb has two or more subjects in the singular, 
connected by and, it must agree with them jointly in 
the plural. 

RULE XIV. 

When a verb has two or more subjects in the singular, 
connected by or or nor, it must agree with each of them 
singly. 

RULE XV. 

The infinitive mode may depend upon a verb, noun, 
or adjective. 

RULE XVI. 

Adjectives limit, or qualify nouns and pronouns. 

RULE XVII. 

Adverbs limit, or qualify verbs, adjectives and adverbs. 

RULE XVIII. 

Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. 

RULE XIX. 

Prepositions show the relation of their objects to other 
words. 

RULE XX. 

A noun or pronoun in the objective case may be the 
* abject of an infinitive. 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 89 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 



I. Sentences, (2) 

1. According to office, (2) 

A. — Declarative, (31 
B. — Interrogative, (4) 
C. — Imperative, (5) 
D. — Exclamatory, (6) 

2. According to structure, (29) ^ 

A.— Simple, (31) 
B.— Complex, (32) 
C. — Compound, (40) 

3. According to their relation to each other, (42) 

A. — Independent, ( 4-3 ) 
B. — Dependent, (44) 
C. — Auxiliary, (45) 

a. — Substantive, (46) 

b- — Adjective, (47) 

c. — Adverbial, (48) 

4. According to the class of verbs forming their predicates, (50) 

A. — Transitive, (51) 
B. — Intransitive, (52) 
C— Mixed, (53) 

II. Phrases, (55) 

1. According to their office, (55) 

A. — Substantive, (56) 
B. — Adjective, (57) 
C.— Adverbial, (58) 

2. According to structure. 

A. — Simple ; (71) 

^.—Complex, (72) (73) (74) (75) (76) 
C. — Compound, (77) 

3 . A ccording to form, (79) 

A. — Prepositional, (80) 
B.— Infinitive, (81) 
C— Participial, (82) 
Z).— Absolute, (83) 

4. According to the nature of their Leaders or Subsequents. 



90 OUTLINE FOR REVIEW.. 

A— Transitive (85) 
B. — Intransitive, (86( 
O.— Mixed, (87) 
III. Connectives, (89) 

1. Conjunctions, (90) 

A. — Copulative, (91) 
B.— Disjunctive, (92) 

2. Conjunctive Adverbs, (96) 

3. Prepositions, [96] 

4. Relative Pronouns, [98} 
IY. Elements. 

1. Of Sentences, [8] 

A.— Principal [10] 

a. — Subject, [11] 

^.—Predicate, [13] 
c— Object, [17] 
£.— Subordinate, [20] 

a. — According to their office, [20] 

1. Adjective, [21] 

2. Adverbial, [22] 
h. According to their structure, [23^ 

1. Simple, [24] 

2. Complex, [25] 

3. Compound, [26] 
C— Attendant Words, [27] 

2. Of Phrases, [60] 

A.— Principal [61] 

a.— The Leader, [63] 
b.— The Subsequent. [64] 
c— The Object, [65] 
d.— The Attribute, [57] 

B.— Subordinate, [67] 
a. — Adjective, [67 
6.— Adverbial, [67] 



SYNTAX. 91 

CHAPTEE VII. 

EXERCISES ON THE RULES. 

Note. — The following exercises contain both true and false 
syntax. Let the pupil correct the errors, analyze and parse. 

RULE I. 

The subject of a proposition must be in the nomina- 
tive case. 

EXERCISES. 

John and me are of the same age. 

You and I will be reproved if we neglect our lessons. 

They whom seek diligently for knowledge, will find it. 

They are the men whom we might suppose are the authors of 
the work. 

Whom do you think has come from the city to see us. 

This is the boy whom we think deserves the prize. 

Him that hath the steerage of my course direct my sail. 

What stronger breast plate than a heart untainted? 

Thrice is he armed who hath his quarrel just ; And him but 
naked though locked up in steel, whose conscience with injustice 
is corrupted. 

The chastity of honor which felt a stain like a wound, which 
inspired courage while it mitigated ferocity, which ennobled what- 
ever it touched, and under which vice itself lost half its evil by 
losing all its grossness, is gone. 

RULE II. 
A substantive used with a copula to form the predi- 
cate of a proposition, or as the attribute of a phrase, 
must be in the nominative case. 

a. An infinitive used as a copula, having a subject in the ob- 
jective case requires an attribute in the objective. 

EXERCISES. 

The person whom we saw may have been him. 
Who do the people say the lady is ? 
Who do you suppose her to be ? 

I know not whether it was them who managed the affair, but 
I am certain it was not him. 



92 EXERCISES ON THE RULES. 

I am confident that it could not possibly have been he, I be- 
lieve it to be she. 

Where are the flowers, the fair young flowers, 

That lately sprung and stood, 
In brighter light, and softer airs, 
A beauteous sisterhood. 
RULE III. 
A substantive used as the object of a transitive verb 
or a preposition must be in the objective case. 

EXERCISES. 

The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, 
The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea; 
The plowman homeward plods his weary way, 
And leaves the world to darkness and to me. 

He that is idle and mischievous reprove sharply. 

They that honor me I will honor. 

Erom he that is needy turn thee not away. 

The charge was made by some one, I know not, and care not, 
who. 

Whom does the book that James took from the desk belong to. 

Be careful that you let no quarrel occur among ye. 

Her youthful offspring to their hamlets repair, 
And glide along its glades, and swim in air, 
And dip for insects in the purling springs, 
And stoop on rivers to refresh their wings. 
KULE IY. 

A noun or pronoun used to explain and identify an 
other noun or pronoun is put by apposition in the same 

case. 

a. A noun is sometimes in apposition with a sentence, and a 
sentence sometimes in apposition with a noun; as, u He was con- 
victed, a result which was not anticipated." 

"This truth is clear — To Bless is to be blessed.' 1 '' 

b. The noun in apposition is frequently placed before the noun 
which it explains ; as, 

" Poor wanderers of a stormy day, 
From wave to wave we're driven." 



SYNTAX. 93 

EXERCISES. 

The Dutch were formerly in possession of the coasting trade of 
almost all other nations ; they were also the bankers of all Eu- 
rope ; advantages by which they gained immense sums. 

I have recieved a letter from my cousin ; she who visited us 
last week. 

The package was from Thomas; he that keeps the book-store. 
Will you act thus toward me, your friend; I who have so of- 
ten assisted you. 

Charles V., Emperor of Germany, left his throne, and went in- 
to retirement. 

He succeeded in dispelling their doubts — an object which he 
had long kept in view. 

They are the lovely, them in whom unite youth's fleeting 
charms with virtue's lovely light. 

Some men employ their health — an ugly trick — 
In making known how oft they have been sick. 
Child of the sun, refulgent summer comes, 
Queen of flowers, the fair lily blooms. 

RULE V. 

A noun or pronoun used to limit another noun or 
pronoun by denoting possession must be in the posses- 
sive case. 

a. When two or more nouns are used to designate one indi- 
vidual, the possessive termination is affixed to the last; as, 
a Samson, the book-seller 's store." 

b. The apostrophe is never used with pronouns. 

c. The relation of possession may be expressed by the prepo- 
sition with the objective; as, "My father s house/' "The house of 
my father." 

The latter form should be used when two or more nouns in the 
possessive would otherwise come together ; as, " Peter s wife's 
mother," should be, "The mother of Peter's wife." 

d. The possessive case should not be improperly used for the 
objective with of; as, "The bill passed the Lords house," for 
"The house of Lords." 



94 EXERCISES ON TIIE RULES. 

e. A participial noun may be limited by the possessive case 5 
as, "I do not approve of John's going.'' 

EXEECISES. 

The peoples understanding's were enlightened. 

I will not destroy the city for ten's sake. 

A mother's tenderness and a fathers care are natures gifts. 

The time of William making the experiment has arrived. 

I thought how strong that faith must be that breaks amothers tie 

And bids her leave her darlings tear's for other hands to dry. 

The Kepresentatives' house convened to-day. 

You have left Johns books and have taken our's and your's. 

She married my uncle's wife's brother. 

The soul's dark cottage, battered and decayed, 

Lets in new light through chinks that Time has made. 

Upon his advancing towards me with a whisper, I expected to 
hear some secret news. 

RULE VI. 

A noun or pronoun used in address, or exclamation, for 
emphasis , or, as the basis of an absolute phrase must be 
in the independent case. 

EXERCISES. 

These matters having been arranged, the company dispersed. 
And me, alas ! what shall I do ? 

Him whom they considered the father of the army having been 
taken from them, the troops at once surrendered. 
Soul of the just ! companion of the dead ! 
Where is thy home, and whither art thou fled? 
My friends, do they now and then send 
A wish or a thought after me ? 
Those evening bells ! those evening bells I 
How many a tale their music tells, 
Of youth and home, and that sweet time, 
When last I heard their soothing chime! 
RULE VII. 
Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in per- 
son, gender and number. 






EXERCISES ON THE RULES. 95 



a. "When the antecedents are of different persons the pronoun 
will agree with the first in preference to the second, and with the 
second in preference to the third; as, "John and thou and /are 
attached to our country." " John and thou are attached to your 
country. 

EXERCISES. 

The king and queen put on their robes. 
The tree beareth fruit after his kind. 

The government of the United States has frequently made 
known her opinion, which she now repeats. 
He cannot see one in prosperity without envying them. 
My counsel to each of you is that you should make it your ear- 
nest endeavor to come to a friendly agreement. 

O unblest falsehood ! Mother of all evil ! 
Thou misery making demon, it is thou 
That sink' st us in perdition. Simple truth, • 
Sustainer of the world, had saved us all. 
KTTLE VIII. 
When an antecedent is a collective noun conveying 
plurality of idea the pronoun must agree with it in the 
plural . 

EXERCISES. 

Send the multitude away that it may go and buy bread for itself, 

The people have no opinion of its own. 

The committee could not agree, and they separated without 
coming to any conclusion. 

The congregation discussed the propositions which had been 
presented to them. 

KULE IX. 

When a pronoun has two or more antecedents in the 
singular connected by and, it must agree with them 
jointly in the plural. 

a. When two or more antecedents connected by and, refer to the 
same person or thing, they do not require a plural pronoun; as 
" This great philosopher and statesman continued in public life till 
his eighty-second year."' 



96 EXERCISES ON THE RULES. 

b. "When two or more antecedents connected by and, are pre- 
ceded by the adjective each, every, or no, they do not require a 
plural pronoun; as, " Every plant and every tree produces others 
after its own kind." 

c. "When two or more antecedents in the singular, connected by 
and are emphatically distinguished, they do not require a plurai 
pronoun ; as, Both the good man and the sinner shall have his 
r eward. 

EXERCISES. 

Hatred and animosity are inconsistent with christian charity, 
guard, therefore, against the slightest indulgence of it. 

Every man is entitled to liberty of conscience, and freedom of 
opinion, if he does not pervert them to the injury of others. 

If love and unity continue, they will make you partakers of 
one another's joy. 

Suffer not jealousy and distrust to enter ; it will destroy, like a 
canker, every germ of friendship. 

Avoid questions and strife ; it shows a busy and contentious dis- 
position. 

Both minister and magistrate are compelled to choose between 
his duty and his reputation. 

Your levity and heedlessness will prevent ail improvement, if 
it continue. 

All the sincerity, truth and faithfulness, or disposition of heart 
or conscience to approve it, necessarily originate from God. 

Harriet and Jane are careful of her books. 

The master arid servant, though their connections in life are 
very different, are bound by one law. 

Mary, Eliza and Susan met her mother as they were walking. 

Modesty and firmness are not opposed to each other — they may 
exist in the same person. 

KULE X. 

When a pronoun has two or more antecedents in the 
singular connected by or or nor, it must agree with each 
singly. 

EXERCISES. 

If thy hand or thy foot offend thee cut it off and cast them from 
thee. 



EXERCISES ON THE RULES. 97 

Even a rugged rock, or a barren heath, though in themselves 
disagreeable, contribute by contrast to the beauty of the whole. 

If an Aristotle, a Pythagoras, or a Galileo suffer for their opin- 
ions they are martyrs. 

If an ox gore a man or a woman that they die ; then the ox shall 
be surely stoned. 

Here is a task put upon children that neither this author nor any 
other has understood themselves. 

Either Thomas or "William, one of them will come. 
He was calling out to one or another, at every step, that a bad 
habit was ensnaring them. 

Not the Mogul, or Czar of Muscovy, 
ISTot Prester John, or Cham of Tartary, 
Are in their houses monarch more than I. 

. KULE XI. 
Verbs must agree with their subjects in person and 
number. 

a. "When a single phrase or clause is the subject, the verb must 
; be in the third person singular. 

b. Subjects must have plural verbs, in every case in which they 
would require plural pronouns; and singular verbs, in every case 
in which they would require singular pronouns. 

EXERCISES. 

When the magistrate dare not act, where is the injured party's 
remedy ? 

"Whose goings forth hath been from of old. 

You was paid to fight against Alexander, not to rail at him. 

Nothing less than murders, rapines and conflagrations employs 
their thoughts. 

Be careful what thou say respecting these diversity of opinions. 

Much pains has been taken to correct these exercises. 

Here comes those to whom I have done good against my will. 

Our Father who is in heaven, hallowed be thy name. 

Which of these two kinds of vice are more criminal ? 

Whence comes all the powers and prerogatives of rational beings ? 

Nor do the scriptures cited by thee prove the contrary. 

Such a clatter of sounds indicate rage and ferocity. 



98 SYNTAX. 

No small addition of exotic words and phrases has been made 
by commerce. 

What art thou, speak, that on designs unknown, 
While others sleep, thus range the camp alone? 

How beauty is excelled by manly grace 
And wisdom, which alone is truly fair ! 

Ah, Jockey, ill advises those I wis, 
To think of songs at such a time as this. 
Perhaps their loves, or else their sheep, 
Were all that did their silly thoughts so busy keep. 
Sever the doom that length of days impose, 
To stand sad witness of unnumbered woes ! 
Each in their turn like Banquo's monarchs stalk, 
And tell what each of them by th' other lose. 

KITLE XII. 

When the subject is a collective noun conveying plu- 
rality of idea, the verb must agree with it in the plural. 

EXERCISES. 

The college of cardinals are the electors of the Pope. 

Quintus Curtius relates that a number of persons was drowned 
in the river Lycus. 

All the world is spectators of your conduct. 

In France, the peasantry goes barefooted, while the middle class 
makes use of wooden shoes. 

The majority were disposed to adopt the measure. 

The multitude were divided in reference to the measures. 

The fleet were sailing up the channel. 

The committee were very full when the point was decided, and 
their judgment has not been called in question. 

Never were any people so much infatuated as the Jewish nation, 

KULE XIII. 
When a verb has two or more subjects in the singular, 
connected by and, it must agree with them jointly in 
the plural. 



EXERCISES ON THE RULES. 99 

a. When a subject consists of two or more phrases or clauses 
taken together, the verb must be plural; as, "To be rich and to 
be happy, are different things." ? 

b. When the subjects denote the same person or thing, the 
verb must be singular ; as, " The saint, the father and the husband 
"prays. 11 

c. If the singular subjects are not taken together, the verb 
must be singular; as, "Mary and not Ellen attends school." 
" Mary, and Ellen also, attends school." 

d. When each, every or no is used, the subjects are taken sep- 
arately, and the verb must be singular; as, "Every man, woman, 
and child ivas there." 

EXERCISES. 

There are a good and a bad, a right and wrong in taste as in 
other things. 

Of whom is Hymericus and Alexander, whom I have delivered 
unto Satan ? 

Out of the same mouth proceed blessing and cursing. 

Humility and knowledge, with poor apparel, excel pride and 
ignorance under costly array. 

As the past tense and perfect participle of love ends in ed it is 
regular. 

His greatest concern, and highest enjoyment was to be approved 
by his Creator. 

Wisdom, and not wealth, procure esteem. 

Not fear, but labor has overcome him. 

It is her beauty and not her talents which attract attention. 

Every system of religion and every school of philosophy stands 
back and leaves Jesus Christ alone, the solitary example. 

Nothing but frivolous amusements please the indolent. 

Language should be both perspicuous and correct ; as either of 
these qualities are wanting the language is imperfect. 

Every thought, word and action is to be remembered in judg- 
ment, whether it be good or evil. 

What means that noise and excitement? 

Much does human pride and folly need correction. 

No wife and no mother were there to comfort him. 



100 SYNTAX. 

Woods and groves are of thy dressing, 
Hill and dale doth boast thy blessing. 

High rides the sun, thick rolls the dust, 
And feebler speeds the blow and thrust. 

Debauches and excess, though with less noise, 

As great a portion of mankind destroys. 

RULE XIV. 

When a verb has two or more subjects in the singular 
connected by or or nor, it must agree with each of them 
singly. 

EXERCISES. 

Neither honor nor profit is sufficient to satisfy the immortal 
mind. 

Man's happiness or misery are in a great measure put into his 
own hands. 

When sickness, infirmity or reverse of fortune affects us they 
test the sincerity of friendship. 

A tart reply, a proneness to rebuke, or a captious speech are 
capable of embittering domestic life. 

Our happiness or misery are, in a great measure put into our 
own hands. 

Either Charles, Eobert, or Benjamin has been to see him. 

Either ability or inclination were wanting. 

Praise from a friend, or censure from a foe, 

Are lost on hearers that our merits know. 

Nor war nor wisdom yields our Jews delight, 

They will not study, and they dare not fight, 

Nor time nor chance breed such confusions yet, 

Nor are the mean so raised nor sunk the great. 

Get on your night gown, lest occasion calls us 
And shows us to be watchers. 

RULE XV. 
The infinitive mode may depend upon a verb, noun 
or adjective 



EXERCISES ON THE RULES. 101 

a. The infinitive is sometimes used absolutely; as, " To be can- 
did with you, I do not intend to do it." 

b. The present perfect tense of the infinitive is sometimes im- 
properly used for the present; as, "Yesterday I hoped to have 

gone," for "I hoped to go." 

c. The infinitive is used without the sign to, after the active 
voice of the verbs bid, dare, need, moke, see, hear, feel, help, let, and 
some others ; as, " We heard him tell the story." 

EXERCISES. 

It is better to live on a little than to outlive a great deal. 

You ought not to run so fast. 

It would have been no difficult matter to have compiled a vol- 
ume of such amusing incidents. 

He is reminded that his son stood alone against three, and asked 
him what he would have him to do. 

Please to excuse my absence. 

Let no rash promise to be made. 

He was seen enter the house. 

I felt a chilling sensation to creep over me. 

He was too young to have felt the loss. 

I have seen some persons to conduct very indiscreetly. 

I cannot excu sethe remissness of those whose business it should 
have been to interpose their good offices. 

They would have found it difficult to accomplish their purposes. 

Bid me to strike my dearest brother dead. 

The man who dares to be a wretch, deserves still greater pain. 
At every trifle scorn to take offence, 
That always shows great pride or little sense. 
EULE XYI. 

Adjectives limit, or qualify nouns or pronouns. 

a. A substantive phrase, or clause may be modified by an ad- 
jective; as, "To study diligently is profitable." "That scholars 
should neglect their studies is surprising." 

b. Adj ectives following infinitives and participles, are sometimes 
used abstractly; as, "To be good is to be happy." That is, good- 
ness is happiness. "Virtue consists in being good" That is, in 
goodness. 



102 SYNTAX. 

c. Double comparatives and superlatives should be avoided; as, 
more wiser, lesser, most wisest. 

d. This and that refer to singular nouns ; these and those to 
plural nouns. 

e. "When the comparative degree is used the objects compared 
are represented as distinct from each other; as " Wisdom is better 
than jewels." When the superlative is used, the objects compared 
belong to the same class ; as, " James is the tallest boy in school." 

EXERCISES. 

A more lovelier place cannot be found. 

China has a greater population than any other nation in the 
world. 

Who broke those tongs ? « ■ 

Will you have some of those molasses ? 

Samuel is the tallest of -his -brothers. 

Jacob loved Joseph more than all his children. 

I have not been to Cincinnati these five years. 

They could not speak ; and so I left them both, 
To bear these tidings to the bloody king. 

We have strict statutes, and most biting laws, 
Which for these nineteen years we have let sleep. 
How much more are ye better than the fowls ? 
Offer unto God thanksgiving, and pay thy vows unto the 
Most High. 

The old people tell stories about them fairies, but to the 
best of my judgment, there is no truth in them. 

Each has his pang, but feeble sufferers groan 
With brain born dreams of evil all their own. 
Come let us leave the vain, the proud, 
The ambitious and the worldly wise; 
Pomp's revels, turbulent and loud, 
And pleasure's tempting vanities. 

KULE XVII. 

Adverbs limit and qualify verbs, adjectives, and ad- 
verbs. 



EXERCISES ON THE RULES. 103 

a. Adverbs and adverbial phrases and clauses should be so 
placed in reference to the words which they modify, as neither 
to produce harshness, nor ambiguity. 

b. Two negatives should not be used in the same connec- 
tion ; they either destroy each other, or are equivalent to an 
affirmative. 

c. Adjectives should not be used as adverbs, nor adverbs as 
adjectives. 

EXERCISES. 

He spoke forcibly and unaffectedly, and was heard attentively 
by the whole assembly. 

In the proper disposition of adverbs, the ear carefully requires 
to be consulted as well as the sense. 

I am resolved not to comply with the proposal, neither at pres- 
ent, nor at any other time. 

We may happily live, though our possessions are small. 

"We need not, nor do not confine his operations to narrow limits. 

Covet neither riches nor honors, nor no such perishing things. 

So well educated a boy, gives great hopes to his friends. 

He offered an apology, which being not admitted, he submitted, 
discontented. 

We should always prefer our duty to our pleasure. 

I saw the kettle had been scoured with half an eye. 

I never drink no intoxicating liquors. 

His remarks sounded harshly. 

He spoke severe to his scholars. 

She is a remarkable pretty young lady. 

Be honest, nor take no shape nor semblance of disguise. 

Wanted, a young man to take care of some horses, of a piou s 
turn of mind. 

He rode to the city, and drove a flock of sheep, on horseback. 

We should not be overwhelmed by present events totally. 

These verses were composed by a young lady who has long lain 
in the grave, for her own amusement. 

She walks graceful. 

"How calmly sinks the setting sun! 

Yet twilight lingers still ; 
And beautiful as dream of Heaven 
It slumbers on the hill ; 



104 SYNTAX. 

Earth sleeps, with all her glorious things, 
Beneath the Holy Spirit's wings. 
And, rendering hack the hues 'above, 
Seems resting in a trance of love." 
KULE XVIII. 
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. 
a. The parts of a sentence united by a conjunction must be sim- 
ilar ; and they usually have the same construction. 

exercises. 

To deride the miseries of the unhappy is inhuman ; and want- 
ing compassion towards them is unchristian. 

The Parliament addressed the king, and has been prorogued the 
same day. 

Between him and I there is some disparity of years ; but none 
between him and she. 

My brother and he are tolerable grammarians. 
We often overlook the blessings which are in our possession, and 
are searching for those which are out of our reach. 

At night I hold a lantern over my head, both to show where I 
am, and to keep people out of the gutters. 

If all the year were playing holidays, 
To sport would be as tedious as to work. 
KULE XIX. 
Prepositions show the relation of their objects to 
other words. 

a. By the improper use of prepositions the construction is 
often rendered inelegant, or the meaning obscure. 

EXERCISES. 

These last examples are of a different nature to the former. 

Eichelieu profited by every circumstance which the conjuncture 
afforded. 

The difference between the several vowels is produced by open- 
ing the mouth differently, and placing the tongue in a different 
manner for each. 

Books should to one of these four ends conduce, 
For wisdom, piety, delight or use. 






EXERCISES ON THE RULES. 105 

Let us endeavor to establish to ourselves an interest in him who 
holds the reins of the whole creation in his hands. 

G-od expelled them the Garden of Eden. 

At about the same time the subjugation of the Moors was com- 
pleted. 

And the apostles and the elders came together to consider of 
this matter. 

If the problem can be solved we may be pardoned the inaccu- 
racy of its demonstration. 

" The world is full of poetry — the air 
Is living with its spirit; and the waves 
Dance to the music of its melodies, 
And sparkle in its brightness. 

KULE XX. 
A noun or pronoun in the objective case may be the 
subject of an infinitive. 

EXERCISES. 

I discovered John to be a scholar. 

Such a course of conduct will cause you to be despised. * 

Will you let your friend be received ? 

He did what he believed to be wrong. He took a course which 
the event showed to have been taken too hastily. 

A wise man will make haste to forgive because he knows the 
true value of time, and will not suffer it to pass away in unneces- 
sary pain. 

" One word is too often profaned for me to profane it; 
One feeling too falsely disdained for me to disdain it;_ 
One hope is too like despair for prudence to smother, 
And pity from thee more dear than that from another." 



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